U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts for 1998-2003
Peter D. KuhbachON September 8, 2004, the revised estimates of the U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts were released. (1) This release marks a significant improvement to the industry accounts of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The newly released annual estimates from the travel and tourism satellite accounts (TTSAs) for 1998-2002 are consistent with the results of the 2003 comprehensive revision of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs), and they are consistent with the recently integrated annual industry accounts. (2) In addition, the annual estimates of tourism demand, tourism output, and tourism employment for 2003 are based on an improved methodology that was developed for preparing the quarterly TTSA estimates. (See the box "Annual and Quarterly Estimates of Travel and Tourism.")
The TTSAs now include purchases by tourists not previously included, and they reflect updated information for other components. As a result, the estimate for 2002 has been increased by $120 billion, or close to one-third of tourism output. The inclusion for the first time of more types of purchases is the major cause of the revision.
The TTSAs present a rearrangement of information from the NIPAs, from the industry accounts, and from other sources so that travel and tourism activities can be analyzed more completely than is possible in the structure of the traditional national economic accounts. (3) In the TTSAs, the flows of commodities that are related to travel and tourism activities link tourism expenditures to the industries that produce tourism goods and services in the United States. The TTSAs are particularly useful because tourism is not generally treated as a separate industry, so data for tourism are scattered among other industries--such as transportation services, accommodations, and food and beverage services; as a result, comprehensive data on tourism do not exist in most nations' economic statistics. The TTSAs define tourism and measure travel expenditures within a production account framework that links these expenditures to producing industries; the TTSAs also measure the employment that is used to produce the tourism goods and services and the related income that is generated by these industries.
A major advance in the quality and in the consistency of the updated TTSAs is their relationship with the newly released annual input-output (I-O) accounts that were prepared as part of the 2004 comprehensive revision of the annual industry accounts. In June, BEA concurrently published, for the first time, the annual I-O accounts with the gross-domestic-product-by-industry accounts. The concurrent publication was made possible by the use of an integration methodology that incorporates the relative strengths from each set of annual accounts. (4) As a result of the improvements, the TTSAs can now be produced regularly on a schedule that follows the revision cycle of the annual industry accounts, so a full set of annual TTSAs can now be prepared less than 2 years after the end of the reference year. An additional benefit gained from the regular schedule of revisions is the enhanced accuracy and consistency of the quarterly estimates of tourism activities, which will now be derived from the most recently revised TTSAs. (5)
According to the revised TTSAs, the estimates of tourism output for 2002 were revised up $120 billion; of this total, $85 billion reflects the expanded coverage of tourism purchases, such as automotive repair services purchased by travelers that were not previously included in the TTSAs; $22 billion reflects new and updated measures of tourism's share of total output, primarily based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics; and $13 billion reflects the incorporation of revised estimates of output by industry from the annual I-O accounts.
In addition, the revised TTSAs feature a key indicator of tourism activity--total tourism-related output of goods and services. (6) This indicator focuses on the output of tourism-related goods and services produced by all industries rather than the output of tourism industries only. (The TTSAs will continue to include tourism industry output.) In the revised TTSAs, the treatment of commissions earned by travel agents has also changed; they are now included in travel arrangement and reservation services rather than in the commodities on which the commissions were earned.
According to the updated TTSA annual estimates, the trends for recent years that were shown by the quarterly estimates are confirmed. (7) The trends in tourism activity show three distinct periods of change. First, during the economic expansion of the late 1990s, travel and tourism demand and output grew strongly. Second, in 2001, this strong growth in travel and tourism demand and output dropped as the U.S. economy slowed overall and as a result of the events of September 11th. Third, in 2002 and 2003, they grew slowly as the economy began its recovery.
These revised annual TTSA estimates also show that travel and tourism still accounts for a significant proportion of U.S. economic activity (table A). In 2002, travel and tourism value added--that is, compensation of employees, "taxes on production and imports, less subsidies," and gross operating surplus--accounted for 2.5 percent, or $263.1 billion, of gross domestic product (GDP). In 2002 and 2003, employment in tourism-related activities accounted for 4.2 percent of total U.S. employment. Other highlights from the annual TTSA estimates include the following:
* Total tourism output in 2003 surpassed its pre-2001 peak. In 1998-2000, it rose at an average annual rate of 5.9 percent, peaking at $907.5 billion in 2000. After decreasing in 2001, it has slowly recovered to its current level of $914.8 billion in 2003.
* Strong average annual growth (6.3 percent) in domestic tourism demand in 1998-2000 was followed by a sharp decrease (5.2 percent) in 2001, by a slow recovery (0.9 percent) in 2002, and by strong growth (4.7 percent) in 2003. The post-2000 pattern of growth is reflected in the slow rise in domestic tourism demand in 2000-2003, from $548.9 billion in 2000 to $550.0 billion in 2003.
* Business travel's share of total internal tourism demand has declined from 35.3 percent, or $158.1 billion, in 2000 to 32.6 percent, or $144.6 billion, in 2002. In contrast, leisure travel's share has increased from 60.1 percent, or $269.5 billion, in 2000 to 62.4 percent, or $277.2 billion, in 2002. Government travel's share also increased, from 4.7 percent, or $20.9 billion, in 2000 to 5.1 percent, or $22.5 billion, in 2002.
* Inbound tourism has decreased almost twice as fast as outbound tourism since 2000. As a result, the U.S. trade surplus for tourism declined from $14.6 billion in 2000 to $5.7 billion in 2002.
* Traveler accommodations and air transportation services decreased from a peak of 43.2 percent, or $115.6 billion, of tourism value added in 2000 to 39.9 percent, or $105.0 billion in 2002.
* In 2003, employment in tourism-related industries had not yet recovered to its pre-2001 level. In 2000-2003, tourism industries lost 267,400 jobs, declining from a peak of 5.7 million employees, or 4.4 percent of total national employment, in 2000 to 5.4 million employees, or 4.2 percent, in 2003.
In this article, the trends in tourism activities in 1998-2003 are examined, and the changes in methodology and in the presentation of the accounts are described. The detailed estimates for 2002 are presented in tables 1-5 at the end of this article. Detailed estimates for 1998-2003 are available from BEA's Web site; see the box "Data Availability."
Tourism Trends in 1998-2003
The trends in tourism can be analyzed in terms of the demand for tourism-related commodities (goods and services), in terms of tourism-related value added, employment, and employee compensation in the industries that produce the tourism commodities, and in terms of the supply of tourism goods and services from both domestic and foreign sources. The analysis is based on the annual TTSA estimates for 1998-2003.
Tourism demand
The trends in tourism demand provide information on the composition of tourism goods and services and on the expenditures by type of visitor (see the box "Key Terms").
Domestic tourism demand. Domestic tourism demand shows three distinct periods of change in tourism activity in recent years: The expansion period in 1998-2000, the economic slowdown in 2001, and the recovery in 2002-2003. In 1998-2000, domestic tourism demand grew at an average annual rate of 6.3 percent, peaking at $548.9 billion in 2000. This growth reflected strong demand for air transportation services--which increased 8.1 percent and accounted for 22.2 percent, or $121.6 billion, of domestic tourism demand in 2000--and strong demand for traveler accommodations, which increased 7.9 percent and accounted for 16.1 percent, or $88.1 billion, of domestic tourism demand in 2000 (chart 1). In 2001, domestic tourism demand decreased 5.2 percent, mainly reflecting a 12.4-percent drop in demand for air transportation services and a 7.3-percent decrease in demand for traveler accommodations.
In 2002, total domestic tourism demand recovered slowly, increasing 0.9 percent despite a 7.3-percent decrease in air transportation services, and traveler accommodations grew slowly, increasing 0.7 percent. In 2003, domestic tourism demand grew 4.7 percent, reaching a new peak of $550.0 billion; this strong growth was led by an increase in air transportation services, which grew 7.7 percent to $106.4 billion. Traveler accommodations continued its slow recovery, increasing 0.6 percent to $82.7 billion in 2003.
Internal and inbound tourism demand. Internal tourism demand and inbound tourism demand provide information on the composition of domestic tourism demand. In 1998-2002, internal tourism demand's share of total domestic tourism demand increased from 81.6 percent to 84.6 percent, and inbound tourism's share decreased from 18.4 percent to 15.4 percent (table B).
In 1998-2000, when growth in domestic tourism demand was strong, internal tourism demand grew at an average annual rate of 6.4 percent (table C); in 2000, it accounted for 81.7 percent, or $448.5 billion, of domestic tourism demand; inbound tourism demand grew at an average annual rate of 6.0 percent, and it accounted for 18.3 percent, or $100.4 billion in 2000. In 2001, internal tourism demand decreased 3.5 percent, and inbound tourism demand decreased 12.7 percent. In 2002, internal tourism demand increased 2.7 percent, to $444.2 billion, and inbound tourism demand continued to fall, decreasing 7.7 percent to $80.9 billion.
Domestic tourism demand by type of visitor. Domestic tourism demand by type of visitor provides information on expenditures for travel by leisure visitors from the household sector and for work-related travel by visitors from both the business and government sectors. In 1998-2002, the share of tourism demand by leisure visitors increased from 50.6 percent to 52.8 percent (table C). The share of tourism demand by business visitors increased from 27.0 percent to 27.5 percent, and the share of tourism demand by government visitors increased from 4.1 percent to 4.3 percent.
In 1998-2000, the tourism demand by business visitors increased at an average annual rate of 9.9 percent, peaking at $158.1 billion in 2000, and the demand by leisure visitors increased 4.8 percent, to $269.5 billion (table B). In 2001, the demand by business visitors decreased 9.1 percent, and the demand by leisure visitors decreased 0.8 percent. In 2002, the demand by business visitors increased slightly at 0.6 percent, to $144.6 billion, and the demand by leisure visitors increased 3.6 percent, to a peak of $277.2 billion.
Inbound and outbound tourism demand. Inbound tourism demand and outbound tourism demand provide information on the tourism-related expenditures for cross-border flows that enter into the U.S. international transactions accounts.
Inbound tourism demand's share of total international tourism demand declined 3.0 percentage points from 54.8 percent in 1998 to 51.8 percent in 2002 (chart 2). In 1998-2000, the U.S. trade surplus for tourism decreased from $15.6 billion to $14.6 billion, as inbound tourism increased at an average annual rate of 6.0 percent and as outbound tourism increased at an average annual rate of 7.9 percent. (8) In 2001, the U.S. trade surplus for tourism decreased further, to $7.7 billion, as inbound tourism decreased 12.7 percent, almost twice the rate of outbound tourism. In 2002, the U.S. trade surplus for tourism decreased again, to $5.7 billion, as inbound tourism decreased 7.7 percent and as outbound tourism decreased 5.9 percent.
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Tourism value added, employment, and compensation
The trends in tourism value added, employment, and compensation provide information on the growth in tourism-related industries.
Tourism value added. Tourism value added indicates the contributions of the tourism-related industries to the Nation's GDP. The share of GDP that was accounted for by tourism value added declined from 2.8 percent, or $243.2 billion, in 1998 to 2.5 percent, or $263.1 billion, in 2002 (table A); this change reflects the impact of the economic slowdown in 2001. In 1998-2000, tourism value added grew at an average annual rate of 4.8 percent, and GDP grew at an average annual rate of 5.9 percent; in 2001, tourism value added decreased 3.5 percent, and GDP growth slowed to 2.9 percent; in 2002, tourism value added recovered, increasing a modest 1.9 percent, and GDP increased 3.8 percent (table D).
In 1998-2000, traveler accommodations and air transportation services grew strongly: Traveler accommodations increased at an average annual rate of 7.2 percent, accounting for 25.0 percent, or $66.8 billion, of tourism value added in 2000; air transportation services increased at an average annual rate of 5.7 percent, accounting for 18.3 percent, or $48.8 billion, in 2000. In 2001, both industries were particularly hard hit: Traveler accommodations decreased 4.1 percent, and air transportation services decreased 12.6 percent. In 2002, these industries had not yet recovered to their 2000 peaks in value added: Traveler accommodations increased 0.9 percent and accounted for 24.6 percent, or $64.7 billion, of tourism value added; air transportation services decreased 5.6 percent and accounted for 15.3 percent, or $40.3 billion, of tourism value added.
Tourism employment. In 2003, employment in tourism-related industries had not yet recovered from the economic slowdown of 2001 and from the impact of September 11th.
In 2000-2003, 267,400 jobs in tourism-related industries were lost. Employment in these industries defined from a peak of 5.7 million, or 4.4 percent of total national employment in 2000, to 5.4 million, or 4.2 percent of total national employment in 2003 (table A). (9)
In 1998-2000, employment in tourism-related industries increased at an average annual rate of 1.2 percent, and total national employment increased at an average annual rate of 1.9 percent. Traveler accommodations increased at an average annual rate of 3.3 percent, accounting for 24.7 percent of total tourism employment or 1.4 million employees in 2000; air transportation services increased 5.6 percent, accounting for 10.6 percent of total tourism employment or 599,600 employees in 2000 (table E). In 2001, tourism employment decreased 2.5 percent, and total national employment decreased 0.1 percent; traveler accommodations decreased 2.6 percent, and air transportation services decreased 0.7 percent. In 2002, tourism employment decreased 2.0 percent, and total employment decreased 1.1 percent; traveler accommodations fell 3.8 percent, and air transportation services fell 8.6 percent. In 2003, tourism employment decreased 0.3 percent, and total employment decreased 0.3 percent; traveler accommodations increased 0.3 percent, to 1.3 million employees, or 24.3 percent of total tourism employment. Air transportation services continued to fall, decreasing 5.2 percent to 515,700 employees, or 9.6 percent of total tourism employment.
Compensation of employees. In 1998-2002, the average compensation of employees in the tourism-related industries increased at an average annual rate of 4.0 percent, from $26,299 in 1998 to $30,707 in 2002 (tables F and G); in 2002, the average compensation of all employees in the United States was $46,952. Despite the increase in tourism's level of compensation from $145.1 billion in 1998 to $165.9 billion in 2002, its share of total compensation of all employees decreased from 2.9 percent in 1998 to 2.8 percent in 2002 (table G).
The employees' share of income, which is calculated as the ratio of compensation to value added, tends to be larger in tourism industries than in other industries. In 1998, the employees' share was 59.7 percent in the tourism industries; the ratio of total national compensation to GDP was 57.5 percent. In 2000, the difference between these two shares increased: The tourism share was 61.4 percent, and the national share was 59.0 percent. In 2001 and 2002, the differences increased significantly: In 2001, the tourism share was 64.0 percent, and the national share was 58.9 percent; in 2002, the tourism share was 63.0 percent, and the national share was 57.5 percent. The increasing difference between the tourism shares and the national shares suggests that tourism-related industries have become relatively more labor intensive than other industries.
Total tourism-related output. Total tourism-related output (direct and indirect) surpassed its 2000 peak, increasing from $907.5 billion in 2000 to $914.8 billion in 2003 (table H). Direct tourism output, the U.S. goods and services sold to visitors, increased $23.0 billion to a peak of $518.4 billion in 2003 (chart 3 and table I). The $23.0 billion increase reflected a $6.4 billion increase in air transportation services, a $6.0 billion increase in food and beverage services, and a $3.6 billion increase in recreation and entertainment.
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The TTSAs are tied to the I-O accounts, so the ripple effects of these tourism expenditures on other commodities can also be estimated. These expenditure effects, or indirect output, include all the output used as inputs in the process of producing tourism output--for example, toiletries for hotel guests, the ingredients used to prepare meals served at restaurants, and the cloth used to make T-shirts.
The effects of these expenditures differ for each tourism commodity. For example, in 2002, every dollar spent on traveler accommodations generated an additional $0.53 of commodity output, and every dollar spent on food services and drinking places generated an additional $0.91 of commodity output. On average, every dollar of direct tourism expenditure generated an additional $0.76 of commodity output (table J). (10)
Changes in the Methodology and Presentation
The TTSAs for 1998-2003 incorporate a number of significant changes that were designed to improve the quality, the consistency, and the usefulness of the accounts. An overview of the TTSAs and methodology is first presented, and the following changes are described: The effects of incorporating the results of the integrated annual industry accounts into the TTSAs, the changes to the definition of tourism demand, the incorporation of private sector data, the use of the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and the changes in the presentation.
Overview of the accounts and methodology
The TTSAs are presented as a set of five tables. The production account table shows the production of tourism commodities by domestic industries, the supply and consumption table shows the supply and consumption of tourism commodities, the tourism demand table shows the tourism-related demand for tourism commodities, the tourism output and value added table shows the tourism-related output and value added of domestic industries, and the tourism employment table shows the tourism employment and employee compensation by industry. (This article presents the complete set of tables for 2002. See the box "Data Availability.")
The production account table and the supply and consumption table present a rearrangement of information from the make and use tables in the annual industry accounts. In each table, the travel and tourism-related industries and commodities are emphasized rather than summed into aggregates as in the annual I-O accounts.
The production account table shows the tourism commodities (rows) produced by each tourism industry (columns) from the annual industry accounts. (11) The table also shows the components of value added for each industry: Compensation of employees, "taxes on production and imports, less subsidies," and gross operating surplus. Table K shows the TTSA commodity definitions.
The supply and consumption table shows the supply of tourism commodities and all other commodities and the intermediate and final demand for these commodities. Supply is the total amount of each commodity that is available to be purchased by business, by government, by resident households, and that is available to be exported. It is the sum of domestic production, imports, wholesale and retail trade margins, and transportation costs, less change in private inventories. This table shows consumption in purchasers' prices; in the I-O use table, consumption is shown in producers' prices.
The tourism demand table rearranges the information from the supply and consumption table and separates tourism demand from nontourism demand. Tourism demand consists of internal tourism demand (demand by business, by government, and by resident households) and inbound tourism demand (demand by nonresidents traveling in the United States).
For most tourism commodities, tourism demand is taken from the I-O accounts. For commodities in which only a share of the total supply is consumed by visitors, the estimates are based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and on data from D.K. Shifflet & Associates. (12) Table L presents a summary of methods for estimating tourism commodity demand.
In order to prepare estimates of expenditures of resident households and of nonresidents, estimates of the expenditures by nonresidents were subtracted from the estimates of personal consumption expenditures (PCE). Data from the In-Flight Survey of the International Trade Administration were used to disaggregate international tourism expenditures into five categories: Traveler accommodations; food and beverages; transportation in the United States; recreation and entertainment; and shopping. Expenditures for transportation and for recreation and entertainment were disaggregated to TTSA commodities by weights calculated from domestic tourism demand.
The tourism demand table also derives the "tourism-commodity ratio" for each tourism commodity. This ratio is the proportion of the supply of the commodity that is purchased by visitors. For example, 93 percent of the supply of "travel arrangement and reservation services" was consumed by visitors, but only 19 percent of the supply of "food services and drinking places" was purchased by visitors.
Tourism value added is derived from the production account table and the tourism demand table. It shows the relative importance of tourism industries and of other industries that produce tourism output. The tourism commodity ratio is applied to the production of commodities by industries in the production account table in order to estimate the amount of each industry's total output that is consumed as tourism demand. The sum of tourism output by each industry is then divided by total industry output to derive an "industry tourism ratio," or the share of each industry's output that is consumed by tourism. This ratio is applied to industry value added to estimate the value added derived from tourism demand.
The tourism employment table shows the estimates of tourism-related employment and employee compensation. The tourism industry ratio from the output and value added table is applied to employment and compensation by industry to derive estimates of tourism employment and compensation.
Incorporation of the integrated annual industry accounts
The TTSAs are based on the revised annual I-O accounts for 1998-2002. As a result of the incorporation of these accounts into the TTSAs, the estimates of tourism output for 2002 increased $13.0 billion. In June, BEA released the initial results of its integrated annual industry accounts. The integrated annual industry accounts incorporate the relative strengths from both the annual I-O accounts and the GDP-by-industry accounts by incorporating the most timely and best source data, including the gross-domestic-income-based measures of value added from the GDP-by-industry accounts. In consequence, the TTSAs for 1998-2003 have been significantly improved by being tied to the time series of the annual I-O accounts.
In addition, the TTSAs can now be prepared on a more timely and accurate basis because of their link to the annual I-O accounts. A complete set of TTSAs can now be prepared in less than 2 years after the end of the reference year; previously, 3 years were required. The accuracy of the quarterly estimates is improved by moving the base period for the estimates up to the latest complete set of TTSAs. Previously, the quarterly estimates were extrapolated from the annual TTSAs for 1997.
Definition of tourism industries and commodities
Two significant changes in definition were made to the TTSAs. First, the definition of tourism industries was expanded to include all output purchased by visitors. Second, the commissions paid for travel arrangement and reservation services are now recognized as a component of tourism demand.
Tourism industries. In the TTSAs, the tourism industries have been expanded to include the manufacturing output of gasoline and other nondurable goods, wholesale trade and transportation services, automotive repair services, parking lots and garages, and toll highways. In the previously published accounts, tourism industries included only those industries whose output was purchased directly by travelers. For example, tourism industry output included only the retail output of gasoline service stations and the retail output of other nondurable goods (of retailers with direct contact with travelers).
This change affects the production account table, the tourism output and value added table, and the tourism employment table. In the production account table, the production of commodities now includes "wholesale trade and transportation margins on gasoline," "wholesale trade and transportation margins on nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline," and "retail trade margins on nondurable PCE commodities other than gasoline" and the output of the petroleum refineries industry and of the wholesale trade and transportation services industry. The tourism output and value added table and the tourism employment table now include estimates for petroleum refineries, for industries producing "nondurable PCE commodities, excluding petroleum refineries," and for wholesale trade and transportation services.
As a result of this change, total tourism-related output for 2002 was revised up $85.3 billion, and tourism-related value added was revised up $34.3 billion. In addition, total tourism-related employment increased 364,000, and total tourism-related compensation of employees increased $17.6 billion.
Travel arrangement and reservation services. In the TTSAs for 1998-2003, the commissions that are paid for travel arrangement and reservation services are now recognized as a component of tourism demand. (13) In the previously published estimates, these commissions were included in the tourism commodity on which they were earned; for example, when a travel agent earned a $10 commission on the sale of a $100 airline ticket, the $100 was included in tourism demand for air transportation services. In the updated TTSAs, when a travel agent earns a $10 commission on the sale of a $100 airline ticket, $10 is included in tourism demand for travel arrangement and reservation services, and $90 is included in tourism demand for air transportation services.
In addition, $10 of production is included in the production of the travel arrangement and reservation services industry, and $90 of production is included in the production of the air transportation services industry. By crediting the service to the producing industry, the accounts now provide a more accurate picture of the contribution of this industry to total travel and tourism activity. In 2002, the value of these commissions totaled $18.5 billion; $9.8 billion was paid by airlines, $3.2 billion was paid by hotels and casino hotels, $3.0 billion was paid by automobile rental and leasing companies, and $1.0 billion was paid by cruise lines.
Improved measures of the tourism share of output
In the revised TTSAs, the estimates of the tourism share of output incorporate new survey data from a private sector information vendor in the travel industry in order to augment the estimates from the integrated annual industry accounts. (14) Specifically, these new data were used to prepare improved estimates of shopping (traveler consumption of nondurable goods other than gasoline) and to improve the allocation of estimates for eating and drinking services, entertainment, and auto repair services to business and government travelers. As a result of the incorporation of these new data and the revision of tourism shares, total tourism output for 2002 was revised up $22.0 billion.
NAICS
The industry and commodity definitions that are presented in the TTSAs are now based on the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (table M). In NAICS, establishments that have similar production processes are classified in the same industry. In the previously published TTSAs, the industry and commodity definitions were based on the Standard Industrial Classification system; this system primarily uses demand-based criteria to classify establishments by industry--that is, establishments that produce similar products are classified in the same industry.
Changes in the presentation
The TTSAs include three presentational changes. First, the accounts now include only one estimate for each component of tourism demand, tourism output, and tourism employment. In the prototype accounts for 1992 and in the TTSAs for 1996 and 1997, three estimates--high, middle, and low values--were prepared for each component. A range of estimates is no longer prepared because of the improved quality of the source data.
Second, intermediate consumption in the tourism supply and consumption table now includes government expenditures. Third, more information is now available on the supply and the consumption of gambling products, including the output of the Indian gaming industry. The changes to government consumption and gambling products are a result of incorporating the results of the 2003 comprehensive revision of the NIPAs into the integrated annual industry accounts.
Annual and Quarterly Estimates of Travel and Tourism
The revised travel and tourism satellite accounts (TTSAs) present annual estimates of tourism demand, tourism output, and tourism employment for 2003. In addition, BEA prepares quarterly estimates that are released approximately 2 weeks after the preliminary GDP release.
These annual and quarterly estimates are based on limited source data because the annual input-output tables for 2003 are not yet available. These estimates are prepared at a more aggregated level than the full TTSAs. The estimates are only prepared for six goods and services and for six industry groups: Traveler accommodations, air transportation services, all other transportation related services, food services and drinking places, recreation and entertainment and shopping.
The estimates of tourism demand for 2003 and the quarterly estimates for 2003 and 2004 are extrapolated from the estimates of tourism demand for 2002 by the estimates of personal consumption expenditures from the national income and product accounts. The estimates of tourism output for 2003 are then calculated from the extrapolated estimates of tourism demand for 2003; this calculation uses information on tourism's share of total demand, information on the share of domestic supply that excludes imports, and information on each industry's share of commodity production. The estimates of tourism employment are extrapolated from tourism employment for 2002 by the estimates of employment by industry from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Key Terms
The following key terms are used to describe the travel and tourism satellite accounts.
Domestic tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures in the United States. These expenditures consist of expenditures by residents (internal tourism demand) and by nonresidents (inbound tourism demand).
Inbound tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by nonresidents traveling in the United States and for international air fares purchased from U.S. airlines. These expenditures exclude expenditures for travel to study in the United States and for medical reasons.
Internal tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents in the United States.
Outbound tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents traveling abroad and expenditures for international air fares purchased from foreign airlines.
Total tourism-related outputs. Consists of tourism output and the indirect output that is required to support the production of tourism goods and services (for example, purchases by restaurants, the maintenance and repair costs paid by hotels, and the insurance purchased by rental car companies).
Tourism commodities. Commodities that are typically purchased by visitors from the producer, such as airline passenger fares, meals, or hotel services. (1)
Tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by all visitors before, during, and immediately after each trip. It consists of business travel, travel by government employees, and travel by U.S. residents both in the United States and abroad, and international travel by international visitors in the United States.
Tourism demand by type of visitor. Refers to the three types of visitors that purchase tourism-related commodities and that are identified by their reasons for travel leisure, business, or government. It measures the composition of internal tourism demand (2) Tourism industries. Industries in which tourism commodities are a primary product, so that the industries' revenues and profits would be substantially affected if tourism ceased.
Tourism output. Domestically produced tourism goods and services purchased by travelers. Tourism output, or direct tourism output, is calculated as domestic tourism demand less imports of goods and services purchased by travelers.
Usual environment. The area of normal, everyday activities within 50-100 miles of home. (3)
Visitor. A person who travels outside of his or her usual environment for less than a year or who stays overnight in a hotel or motel. The visitor may travel for pleasure or business. Visitors exclude travelers who expect to be compensated at the location of their visit (such as migrant workers, persons traveling to new assignments, and diplomatic and military personnel traveling from their duty stations to their home countries).
(1.) The classification of tourism commodities in the TTSAs is based on a list of primary activities of visitors that was developed from recommendations by the World Trade Organization and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and from various surveys of U.S. visitors.
(2.) In the U.S. TTSAs, inbound visitors are not differentiated by type of visitor, because the data to prepare these estimates are not available.
(3.) The usual environment depends on the availability of source data.
Data Availability
This article presents the summary annual estimates of the travel and tourism satellite accounts (TTSAs) for 1998-2003. It includes the set of five TTSA "core" tables for 2002. The detailed annual estimates of the TTSAs for 1998-2002 and the estimates of tourism demand, tourism employment, and tourism output for 2003 are available on BEA's Web site; go to <www.bea.gov>, and under "Industry" click on "Travel and Tourism."
Table A. Key Indicators of Tourism Activity, 1998-2003
Billions of dollars
Domestic tourism
output
Direct
and Direct Domestic Tourism Toursim
indirect output tourism value compen-
output (2) demand demand sation
(1) (3)
1998 808.7 458.5 485.7 243.2 145.1
1999 845.8 480.1 509.1 256.0 154.2
2000 907.5 515.5 548.9 267.3 164.1
2001 860.0 488.6 520.4 258.1 165.3
2002 872.9 495.4 525.4 263.1 165.9
2003 914.8 518.4 550.0 n.a. n.a.
Thou-
sands Percent
Tourism Tourism
Tourism compen- employ-
Tourism value sation ment
employ- added share of share of
ment share total total
of GDP compen- employ-
sation ment
1998 5,516.7 2.8 2.9 4.4
1999 5,587.4 2.8 2.9 4.4
2000 5,654.6 2.7 2.8 4.4
2001 5,512.3 2.6 2.8 4.2
2002 5,402.1 2.5 2.8 4.2
2003 5,387.2 n.a. n.a. 4.2
(1.) Direct tourism output plus indirect tourism-related
output. Indirect tourism output comprises all output used
as inputs in the process of producing direct tourism output
(for example, toiletries for hotel guests and the food
required to produce meals).
(2.) Direct tourism output comprises all U.S. output
consumed directly by visitors (for example, traveler
accommodations and passenger air transport). Direct
output is equal to domestic tourism demand less the
estimated import content of tourism purchases.
(3.) Domestic tourism demand is total tourism demand from
table 3 of the TTSAs lass travel by U.S. residents abroad.
n.a. Not available
TTSAs Travel and tourism satellite accounts
Table B. Components of Domestic Tourism Demand by Commodity
Group as a Percentage of Domestic Tourism Demand, 1998-2002
[Percent]
1998 1999 2000
All commodities 100.0 100.0 100.0
Internal 81.6 81.8 81.7
Resident households 50.6 50.1 49.1
Business 27.0 27.8 28.8
Government 4.1 4.0 3.8
Inbound 18.4 18.2 18.3
Traveler accommodations 100.0 100.0 100.0
Internal 73.8 73.8 74.2
Resident households 31.7 31.6 31.7
Business 34.7 35.3 36.0
Government 7.4 7.0 6.6
Inbound 26.2 26.2 25.8
Passenger air transportation services 100.0 100.0 100.0
Internal 79.1 80.2 81.0
Resident households 42.3 42.1 42.1
Business 32.8 34.1 35.1
Government 4.0 4.0 3.8
Inbound 20.9 19.8 19.0
All other transportation-related
commodities 100.0 100.0 100.0
Internal 93.6 93.9 94.0
Resident households 54.2 53.9 53.7
Business 34.7 35.4 35.8
Government 4.7 4.7 4.4
Inbound 6.4 6.1 6.0
Food and beverage services 100.0 100.0 100.0
Internal 81.2 80.7 80.1
Resident households 51.5 50.0 47.3
Business 24.1 25.3 27.3
Government 5.6 5.4 5.5
Inbound 18.8 19.3 19.9
Recreation and entertainment 100.0 100.0 100.0
Internal 83.9 84.1 84.0
Resident households 70.9 70.9 70.0
Business 13.1 13.2 14.0
Government 0.0 0.0 0.0
Inbound 16.1 15.9 16.0
Internal 77.4 77.2 76.2
Resident households 60.7 59.6 57.8
Business 15.2 16.1 17.0
Government 1.6 1.5 1.5
Inbound 22.6 22.8 23.8
2001 2002
All commodities 100.0 100.0
Internal 83.1 84.6
Resident households 51.4 52.8
Business 27.6 27.5
Government 4.2 4.3
Inbound 16.9 15.4
Traveler accommodations 100.0 100.0
Internal 75.0 77.2
Resident households 32.7 34.7
Business 35.3 35.1
Government 7.0 7.4
Inbound 25.0 22.8
Passenger air transportation services 100.0 100.0
Internal 81.7 81.4
Resident households 43.1 44.0
Business 34.4 32.9
Government 4.2 4.5
Inbound 18.3 18.6
All other transportation-related
commodities 100.0 100.0
Internal 94.0 94.1
Resident households 54.1 54.7
Business 35.0 34.5
Government 4.9 5.0
Inbound 6.0 5.9
Food and beverage services 100.0 100.0
Internal 80.5 83.1
Resident households 49.7 50.8
Business 24.8 26.2
Government 6.0 6.1
Inbound 19.5 16.9
Recreation and entertainment 100.0 100.0
Internal 85.8 88.4
Resident households 73.7 74.0
Business 12.1 14.4
Government 0.0 0.0
Inbound 14.2 11.6
Internal 80.4 82.6
Resident households 61.8 63.4
Business 16.8 17.4
Government 1.8 1.8
Inbound 19.6 17.4
Table C. Domestic Demand and Percent Changes in the Components of
Domestic Tourism Demand by Commodity Group, 1998-2003
Billions of dollars
1998 1999 2000 2001
All commodities 485.7 509.1 548.9 520.4
Internal 396.3 416.6 448.5 432.7
Resident households 245.6 254.9 269.5 267.4
Business 131.0 141.5 158.1 143.7
Government 19.8 20.2 20.9 21.6
Inbound 89.3 92.5 100.4 87.7
Traveler accommodations 75.7 79.6 88.1 81.7
Internal 55.8 58.8 65.4 61.3
Resident households 24.0 25.1 27.9 26.7
Business 26.3 28.1 31.7 28.9
Government 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.7
Inbound 19.8 20.8 22.7 20.4
Passenger air transportation
services 104.1 109.6 121.6 106.6
Internal 82.3 87.9 98.5 87.0
Resident households 44.0 46.2 51.2 45.9
Business 34.2 37.3 42.7 36.7
Government 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.5
Inbound 21.8 21.7 23.1 19.5
All other transportation-related
commodities 93.0 98.1 102.7 102.7
Internal 87.0 92.2 96.5 96.5
Resident households 50.4 52.9 55.2 55.5
Business 32.3 34.7 36.8 35.9
Government 4.3 4.6 4.6 5.0
Inbound 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2
Food and beverage services 78.5 79.6 83.0 80.9
Internal 63.7 64.3 66.4 65.1
Resident households 40.4 39.8 39.3 40.2
Business 18.9 20.1 22.7 20.1
Government 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.8
Inbound 14.7 15.3 16.5 15.8
Recreation and entertainment 50.7 54.8 59.4 60.7
Internal 42.6 46.1 49.9 52.1
Resident households 36.0 38.9 41.6 44.7
Business 6.6 7.2 8.3 7.3
Government 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Inbound 8.2 8.7 9.5 8.6
Shopping 83.7 87.3 94.1 87.9
Internal 64.8 67.4 71.7 70.7
Resident households 50.8 52.0 54.4 54.3
Business 12.7 14.0 16.0 14.8
Government 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6
Inbound 18.9 19.9 22.4 17.2
Percent
change from
Billion of preceding
dollars period
2002 2003 1999 2000
All commodities 525.2 550.0 4.8 7.8
Internal 444.2 n.a. 5.1 7.7
Resident households 277.2 n.a. 3.8 5.7
Business 144.6 n.a. 8.0 11.7
Government 22.5 n.a. 2.1 3.5
Inbound 80.9 n.a. 3.5 8.6
Traveler accommodations 82.2 82.7 5.2 10.7
Internal 63.5 n.a. 5.3 11.3
Resident households 28.6 n.a. 4.8 11.0
Business 28.9 n.a. 6.9 13.0
Government 6.1 n.a. -0.7 4.5
Inbound 18.8 n.a. 5.0 9.1
Passenger air transportation
services 98.8 106.4 5.3 10.9
Internal 80.4 n.a. 6.8 12.0
Resident households 43.4 n.a. 4.9 10.9
Business 32.5 n.a. 9.3 14.3
Government 4.4 n.a. 6.1 5.1
Inbound 18.4 n.a. -0.3 6.3
All other transportation-related
commodities 103.8 107.1 5.5 4.7
Internal 97.6 n.a. 5.9 4.7
Resident households 56.7 n.a. 4.9 4.3
Business 35.8 n.a. 7.5 6.0
Government 5.1 n.a. 5.2 -0.1
Inbound 6.1 n.a. 0.2 3.9
Food and beverage services 85.7 91.7 1.4 4.2
Internal 71.2 n.a. 0.8 3.4
Resident households 43.6 n.a. -1.6 -1.3
Business 22.4 n.a. 6.4 12.5
Government 5.2 n.a. -0.9 4.4
Inbound 14.5 n.a. 4.1 7.8
Recreation and entertainment 64.9 68.6 8.1 8.3
Internal 57.4 n.a. 8.2 8.2
Resident households 48.0 n.a. 8.1 6.9
Business 9.4 n.a. 9.1 14.9
Government 0.0 n.a. 0.0 0.0
Inbound 7.5 n.a. 7.3 8.9
Shopping 89.7 93.5 4.2 7.8
Internal 74.1 n a. 3.9 6.4
Resident households 56.8 n a. 2.4 4.5
Business 15.6 n.a. 10.3 13.8
Government 1.6 n.a. 1.6 2.9
Inbound 15.6 n.a. 5.3 12.5
Percent change from
preceding period
2001 2002 2003
All commodities -5.2 0.9 4.7
Internal -3.5 2.7 n.a.
Resident households -0.8 3.6 n.a.
Business -9.1 0.6 n.a.
Government 3.5 4.0 n.a.
Inbound -12.7 -7.7 n.a.
Traveler accommodations -7.3 0.7 0.6
Internal -6.3 3.6 n a.
Resident households -4.2 6.9 n.a.
Business -9.1 0.0 n.a.
Government -1.4 6.3 n.a.
Inbound -10.1 -8.1 n.a.
Passenger air transportation
services -22.5 -7.3 7.7
Internal -11.6 -7.7 n.a.
Resident households -10.3 -5.4 n.a.
Business -14.1 -11.3 n.a.
Government -3.4 -1.1 n.a.
Inbound -15.5 -5.7 n.a.
All other transportation-related
commodities -0.1 1.1 3.2
Internal -0.1 1.2 n.a.
Resident households 0.6 2.2 n.a.
Business -2.3 -0.5 n.a.
Government 9.5 2.8 n.a.
Inbound -0.2 -0.7 n.a.
Food and beverage services -2.5 6.0 7.0
Internal -2.0 9.4 n.a.
Resident households 2.4 8.4 n.a.
Business -11.3 11.7 n.a.
Government 6.7 8.5 n.a.
Inbound -4.7 -8.1 n.a.
Recreation and entertainment 2.2 7.0 5.6
Internal 4.5 10.2 n.a.
Resident households 7.7 7.4 n.a.
Business -11.5 27.7 n.a.
Government 0.0 0.0 n.a.
Inbound -9.7 -12.4 n a.
Shopping -6.5 2.0 4.3
Internal -1.4 4.7 n.a.
Resident households -0.1 4.6 n.a.
Business -7.4 5.7 n.a.
Government 16.3 0.7 n.a.
Inbound -23.1 -9.4 n.a.
Percent change
from preceding
period
1998- 1998-
2000 2002
All commodities 6.3 2.0
Internal 6.4 2.9
Resident households 4.8 3.1
Business 9.9 2.5
Government 2.8 3.3
Inbound 6.0 -2.4
Traveler accommodations 7.9 2.1
Internal 8.2 3.3
Resident households 7.9 4.5
Business 9.9 2.4
Government 1.9 2.1
Inbound 7.0 -1.4
Passenger air transportation
services 8.1 -1.3
Internal 9.4 -0.6
Resident households 7.9 -0.3
Business 11.7 -1.2
Government 5.6 1.6
Inbound 2.9 -4.1
All other transportation-related
commodities 5.1 2.8
Internal 5.3 2.9
Resident households 4.6 3.0
Business 6.8 2.6
Government 2.5 4.3
Inbound 2.0 0.8
Food and beverage services 2.8 2.2
Internal 2.1 2.8
Resident households -1.4 1.9
Business 9.4 4.3
Government 1.7 4.6
Inbound 5.9 -0.4
Recreation and entertainment 8.2 6.4
Internal 8.2 7.8
Resident households 7.5 7.5
Business 12.0 9.1
Government 0.0 0.0
Inbound 8.1 -2.0
Shopping 6.0 1.7
Internal 5.2 3.4
Resident households 3.5 2.9
Business 12.0 5.3
Government 2.2 5.2
Inbound 8.8 -4.7
Table D. Tourism Value Added and Percent Changes in Tourism
Value Added by Industry
Billions of dollars
1998 1999 2000 2001
Tourism industries 243.2 256.0 267.3 258.1
Traveler accommodations 58.1 62.4 66.8 64.1
Food services and drinking
places 33.3 34.0 35.3 34.3
Air transportation 43.7 46.0 48.8 42.7
Rail transportation 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1
Water transportation 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4
Interurban bus transpor-
tation 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2
Taxi service 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.4
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.5
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.7
Automotive repair services 3.5 3.2 2.7 3.3
Parking lots and garages 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8
Toll highways 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 13.2 14.6 14.6 14.8
Motion pictures and
performing arts 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.4
Spectator sports 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.1
Participant sports 4.8 5.4 5.7 5.8
Gambling 6.2 6.9 7.5 7.9
All other recreation and
entertainment 6.6 7.0 7.0 7.2
Petroleum refineries 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.5
Industries producing non-
durable PCE commodities
excluding petroleum
refineries 15.6 16.3 16.7 15.7
Wholesale trade and 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.1
transportation services
Gasoline service stations 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4
Retail trade services
excluding gasoline
service stations 16.3 17.1 16.9 16.7
All other industries 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0
Addenda:
Gross domestic product 8,738.8 9,259.8 9,808.0 10,091.6
Billions
of Percent change from
dollars preceding period
2002 1999 2000 2001
Tourism industries 263.1 5.3 4.4 -3.5
Traveler accommodations 64.7 7.3 7.0 -4.1
Food services and drinking
places 35.9 2.1 3.9 -2.8
Air transportation 40.3 5.1 6.2 -12.6
Rail transportation 1.2 7.7 11.1 -2.7
Water transportation 2.3 9.0 19.0 6.1
Interurban bus transpor-
tation 1.0 11.6 14.8 4.2
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0.8 -3.0 -8.9 2.5
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 1.3 8.3 15.3 9.2
Taxi service 2.5 -0.6 -9.3 5.3
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 1.6 12.5 5.5 -2.2
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 7.2 5.5 3.1 1.2
Automotive repair services 3.5 -7.9 -15.2 19.3
Parking lots and garages 0.8 4.6 -1.5 19.4
Toll highways 0.5 -6.7 -11.5 -0.7
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 14.6 10.2 0.3 0.8
Motion pictures and
performing arts 3.2 4.3 12.4 -9.2
Spectator sports 5.8 10.4 9.3 -1.8
Participant sports 5.9 11.9 5.7 1.7
Gambling 8.2 11.2 7.8 4.9
All other recreation and
entertainment 7.4 5.9 0.1 2.4
Petroleum refineries 1.1 -26.4 18.4 16.5
Industries producing non-
durable PCE commodities
excluding petroleum
refineries 15.9 4.2 2.6 -6.1
Wholesale trade and 12.6 3.0 1.4 0.3
transportation services
Gasoline service stations 3.6 0.7 4.7 1.3
Retail trade services
excluding gasoline
service stations 18.4 5.0 -1.1 -1.0
All other industries 3.2 1.6 6.4 0.2
Addenda:
Gross domestic product 10,471.1 6.0 5.9 2.9
Per-
cent
change
from Average annual
pre- rate of change
ceding
period
1998- 1998-
2002 2000 2002
Tourism industries 1.9 4.8 2.0
Traveler accommodations 0.9 7.2 2.7
Food services and drinking
places 4.6 3.0 1.9
Air transportation -5.6 5.7 -2.0
Rail transportation 1.8 9.4 4.3
Water transportation -1.1 13.9 8.0
Interurban bus transpor-
tation 5.8 13.2 9.0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 3.1 -6.0 -1.7
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 11.8 11.7 11.1
Taxi service 1.4 -5.1 -1.0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 3.4 8.9 4.6
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 6.8 4.3 4.1
Automotive repair services 6.1 -11.6 -0.3
Parking lots and garages 2.5 1.5 6.0
Toll highways 8.0 -9.1 -3.0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services -1.5 5.2 2.4
Motion pictures and
performing arts 34.8 8.2 9.4
Spectator sports 12.1 9.9 7.4
Participant sports 1.6 8.8 5.1
Gambling 4.8 9.5 7.1
All other recreation and
entertainment 2.7 2.9 2.7
Petroleum refineries -27.4 -6.7 -7.4
Industries producing non-
durable PCE commodities
excluding petroleum
refineries 1.5 3.4 0.5
Wholesale trade and 3.6 2.2 2.0
transportation services
Gasoline service stations 6.6 2.7 3.3
Retail trade services
excluding gasoline
service stations 10.2 1.9 3.1
All other industries 5.8 4.0 3.5
Addenda:
Gross domestic product 3.8 5.9 4.6
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table E. Tourism Employment and Percent Changes in Tourism
Employment by Industry
Thousands of employees
1998 1999 2000
Tourism industries 5,516.7 5,587.4 5,654.6
Traveler accommodations 1,307.6 1,346.2 1,395.8
Food services and drinking
places 1,621.2 1,602.1 1,607.3
Air transportation 537.8 566.1 599.6
Rail transportation 9.2 9.8 10.1
Water transportation 22.7 24.4 27.1
Interurban bus
transportation 23.5 24.4 24.0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 20.5 21.2 22.7
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 52.5 52.9 49.9
Taxi service 63.9 63.5 58.3
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 18.1 18.9 20.3
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 96.8 104.1 110.8
Automotive repair services 70.3 62.4 52.3
Parking lots and garages 10.2 10.4 10.1
Toll highways 5.2 4.7 4.3
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 302.1 301.4 256.6
Motion pictures and
performing arts 32.6 33.5 34.4
Spectator sports 49.0 52.1 54.6
Participant sports 198.4 216.6 206.2
Gambling 103.8 106.9 164.8
All other recreation and
entertainment 133.6 131.1 124.7
Petroleum refineries 5.6 5.0 4.6
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 193.1 189.3 187.8
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 133.8 132.1 130.1
Gasoline service stations 59.1 55.2 52.9
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 407.5 415.1 406.6
All other industries 38.6 37.9 38.6
Addenda:
Total national employment 125,128.3 128,019.3 129,881.0
Thousands of employees
2001 2002 2003
Tourism industries 5,512.3 5,402.1 5,387.2
Traveler accommodations 1,359.2 1,307.6 1,311.0
Food services and drinking
places 1,544.6 1,588.5 1,617.5
Air transportation 595.4 544.3 515.7
Rail transportation 9.6 9.6 10.1
Water transportation 28.3 27.3 27.5
Interurban bus
transportation 25.0 25.3 25.2
Interurban charter bus
transportation 22.9 21.8 20.6
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 49.8 51.7 52.7
Taxi service 56.5 53.8 52.5
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 19.8 18.1 17.7
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 111.2 105.2 103.3
Automotive repair services 54.8 58.2 57.6
Parking lots and garages 10.6 12.1 12.2
Toll highways 4.2 4.4 4.4
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 251.0 223.3 208.0
Motion pictures and
performing arts 31.9 31.8 31.8
Spectator sports 52.4 56.7 57.9
Participant sports 208.5 211.1 216.3
Gambling 173.4 168.9 173.1
All other recreation and
entertainment 124.3 123.5 122.3
Petroleum refineries 4.4 4.2 4.1
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 168.4 161.1 155.4
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 127.1 124.9 124.1
Gasoline service stations 51.2 49.1 48.3
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 390.1 381.5 379.7
All other industries 37.4 38.0 37.9
Addenda:
Total national employment 129,709.7 128,305.3 127,864.6
Percent change from
preceding period
1999 2000 2001
Tourism industries 1.3 1.2 -2.5
Traveler accommodations 3.0 3.7 -2.6
Food services and drinking
places -1.2 0.3 -3.9
Air transportation 5.3 5.9 -0.7
Rail transportation 7.0 3.0 -5.5
Water transportation 7.6 10.8 4.5
Interurban bus
transportation 4.1 -1.8 4.3
Interurban charter bus
transportation 3.8 6.6 1.3
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 0.7 -5.8 -0.1
Taxi service -0.7 -8.2 -3.0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 4.4 7.3 -2.1
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 7.5 6.5 0.3
Automotive repair services -11.2 -16.2 4.9
Parking lots and garages 2.1 -2.5 7.3
Toll highways -10.3 -8.6 -3.0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services -0.2 -14.9 -2.2
Motion pictures and
performing arts 2.5 2.7 -7.1
Spectator sports 6.1 5.0 -4.2
Participant sports 9.2 -4.8 1.1
Gambling 3.0 54.3 5.2
All other recreation and
entertainment -1.9 4.9 -0.4
Petroleum refineries -10.1 -7.3 -5.0
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries -2.0 -0.8 -10.4
Wholesale trade and
transportation services -1.2 -1.6 -2.2
Gasoline service stations -6.5 -4.2 -3.3
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 1.9 -2.0 -4.1
All other industries -1.7 1.9 -3.1
Addenda:
Total national employment 2.3 1.5 -0.1
Percent
change
from
preceding
period
2002 2003
Tourism industries -2.0 -0.3
Traveler accommodations -3.8 0.3
Food services and drinking
places 2.8 1.8
Air transportation -8.6 -5.2
Rail transportation 0.2 5.5
Water transportation -3.6 0.9
Interurban bus
transportation 0.9 -0.2
Interurban charter bus
transportation -5.2 -5.2
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 3.9 2.0
Taxi service -4.9 -2.3
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation -8.9 -2.1
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing -5.3 -1.9
Automotive repair services 6.0 -1.0
Parking lots and garages 11.3 0.9
Toll highways 5.9 0.3
Travel arrangement and
reservation services -11.0 -6.9
Motion pictures and
performing arts -0.3 0.0
Spectator sports 8.3 2.0
Participant sports 1.3 2.5
Gambling -2.5 2.5
All other recreation and
entertainment -0.6 -1.0
Petroleum refineries -4.1 -2.1
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries -4.3 -3.5
Wholesale trade and
transportation services -1.8 -0.6
Gasoline service stations -4.0 -1.7
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations -2.2 -0.5
All other industries 1.6 -0.2
Addenda:
Total national employment -1.1 -0.3
Average
annual
rate of
change
1998- 1998-
2000 2003
Tourism industries 1.2 -0.5
Traveler accommodations 3.3 0.1
Food services and drinking
places -0.4 0.0
Air transportation 5.6 -0.8
Rail transportation 5.0 1.9
Water transportation 9.2 3.9
Interurban bus
transportation 1.1 1.4
Interurban charter bus
transportation 5.2 0.2
Urban transit systems and
other transportation -2.6 0.1
Taxi service -4.5 -3.8
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 5.8 -0.4
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 7.0 1.3
Automotive repair services -13.7 -3.9
Parking lots and garages -0.3 3.7
Toll highways -9.5 -3.3
Travel arrangement and
reservation services -7.8 -7.2
Motion pictures and
performing arts 2.6 -0.5
Spectator sports 5.6 3.4
Participant sports 1.9 1.7
Gambling 26.0 10.8
All other recreation and
entertainment -3.4 -1.8
Petroleum refineries -8.7 -5.8
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries -1.4 -4.3
Wholesale trade and
transportation services -1.4 -1.5
Gasoline service stations -5.4 -4.0
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations -0.1 -1.4
All other industries 0.1 -0.3
Addenda:
Total national employment 1.9 0.4
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table F. Percent Changes in Tourism Compensation of
Employees by Industry
Percent change from
preceding period
1999 2000 2001 2002
Tourism industries 6.3 6.4 0.8 0.3
Traveler accommodations 8.3 8.6 -0.3 -0.6
Food services and drinking
places 1.7 4.2 -1.6 5.5
Air transportation 7.2 9.6 5.4 -4.5
Rail transportation 7.5 6.4 -3.1 3
Water transportation 15.8 13.4 8.6 -0.5
Interurban bus
transportation 7.4 4.5 4.7 3.1
Interurban charter bus
transportation 7.8 3.4 4.3 3.7
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 7.7 -2.2 1.5 5.0
Taxi service 4.4 -4.8 -0.1 0.2
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 8.3 8.0 0.2 0.7
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 7.4 11.0 2.8 -1.1
Automotive repair services -0.5 -15 10.7 16.6
Parking lots and garages 5.0 0.0 13.6 12.0
Toll highways -9.3 -6.5 -0.1 6.2
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 9.4 -0.5 0.1 -0.6
Motion pictures and
performing arts 13.6 13.6 -1.0 5.1
Spectator sports 10.8 12.1 -2.2 10.8
Participant sports 10.3 11.0 0.3 2.0
Gambling 7.3 10.9 4.6 1.4
All other recreation and
entertainment 5.3 7.7 1.9 2.9
Petroleum refineries -5.1 -2.6 -1.0 -1.2
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 3.4 7.3 -7.6 -1.4
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 4.5 3.9 0.2 0.1
Gasoline service stations 1.2 4.1 0.9 0.6
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 6.4 2.4 -1.3 0.8
All other industries 2.3 8.1 0.0 3.7
Addenda:
Total national employment 6.7 7.9 2.7 1.3
Average annual
rate of change
1998-2000 1998-2002
Tourism industries 6.3 3.4
Traveler accommodations 8.5 3.9
Food services and drinking
places 2.9 2.4
Air transportation 8.4 4.3
Rail transportation 6.9 3.3
Water transportation 14.6 9.1
Interurban bus
transportation 5.9 4.9
Interurban charter bus
transportation 5.5 4.8
Urban transit systems and
other transportation 1.5 2.4
Taxi service -0.3 -0.1
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 8.2 4.2
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 9.2 4.9
Automotive repair services -7.8 2.4
Parking lots and garages 2.4 7.5
Toll highways -7.9 -2.6
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 4.3 2.0
Motion pictures and
performing arts 13.6 7.7
Spectator sports 11.5 7.7
Participant sports 10.6 5.8
Gambling 9.1 6.0
All other recreation and
entertainment 6.5 4.4
Petroleum refineries -3.9 -2.5
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 5.3 0.3
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 4.2 2.1
Gasoline service stations 2.6 1.7
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 4.4 2.1
All other industries 5.1 3.5
Addenda:
Total national employment 7.3 4.6
PCE Personal consumers expenditures
Table G. Tourism Compensation of Employees by Industry, 1998-2002
[Millions of dollars]
1998 1999 2000
Tourism industries 145,085.5 154,224.2 164,056.0
Traveler accommodations 29,880.8 32,367.3 35,164.0
Food services and drinking
places 21,630.9 21,996.5 22,914.8
Air transportation 29,042.7 31,124.0 34,101.5
Rail transportation 674.6 724.9 771.0
Water transportation 1,020.1 1,181.5 1,339.9
Interurban bus
transportation 5,474.0 588.1 614.5
Interurban charter bus
transportation 478.9 515.8 533.5
Urban systems and other
transportation 2,383.9 2,511.7 2,457.0
Taxi service 1,535.1 1,602.6 1,524.9
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 675.5 731.7 790.3
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 3,351.6 3,601.0 3,995.8
Automotive repair services 1,793.5 1,784.1 1,525.4
Parking lots and garages 233.6 245.1 245.1
Toll highways 180.2 163.5 152.9
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 10,704.0 11,708.5 11,646.7
Motion pictures and
performing arts 1,535.7 1,745.2 1,981.8
Spectator sports 2,654.7 2,940.9 3,297.8
Participant sports 3,356.4 3,701.4 4,109.1
Gambling 3,118.5 3,346.3 3,709.6
All other recreation and
entertainment 3,256.3 3,429.8 3,695.1
Petroleum refineries 436.8 414.5 403.7
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 7,793.6 8,055.7 8,642.0
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 6,367.2 6,651.1 6,913.6
Gasoline service stations 1,385.4 1,402.7 1,459.7
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 9,445.0 10,051.1 10,295.3
All other industries 1,602.9 1,639.1 1,771.0
Addenda:
Total compensation of
employees 5,023,945.5 5,362,241.2 5,787,177.1
2001 2002
Tourism industries 165,309.4 165,881.0
Traveler accommodations 35,058.7 34,864.8
Food services and drinking
places 22,542.6 23,783.8
Air transportation 35,934.0 34,313.1
Rail transportation 747.2 769.4
Water transportation 1,454.7 1,446.8
Interurban bus
transportation 643.5 663.5
Interurban charter bus
transportation 556.5 576.8
Urban systems and other
transportation 2,493.8 2,617.4
Taxi service 1,523.0 1,526.7
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 792.2 797.8
Automotive equipment
rental and leasing 4,108.1 4,064.0
Automotive repair services 1,688.4 1,968.3
Parking lots and garages 278.3 311.8
Toll highways 152.7 162.2
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 11,654.4 11,589.3
Motion pictures and
performing arts 1,962.2 2,062.6
Spectator sports 3,226.6 3,575.5
Participant sports 4,123.1 4,204.9
Gambling 3,881.8 3,937.7
All other recreation and
entertainment 3,765.0 3,874.4
Petroleum refineries 399.7 395.0
Industries producing
nondurable PCE
commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 7,989.6 7,874.4
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 6,926.4 6,932.0
Gasoline service stations 1,472.9 1,482.3
Retail trade services,
excluding gasoline
service stations 10,163.9 10,250.2
All other industries 1,770.5 1,836.1
Addenda:
Total compensation of
employees 5,945,301.3 6,024,252.7
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table H. Total Tourism Commodity Output, 1998-2003
[Millions of dollars]
1998 1999 2000
Total tourism-related output 808,713.1 845,845.3 907,501.8
Traveler accommodations 115,444.8 121,443.7 134,484.0
Air transportation 147,163.1 154,292.7 170,283.4
Domestic passenger air
transportation 104,609.9 110,723.0 122,539.5
International passenger air
transportation 42,553.2 43,569.7 47,743.9
All other transportation-related
services 155,299.2 163,996.2 171,456.8
Passenger rail transportation 1,580.8 1,715.1 1,943.8
Passenger water transportation 8,485.3 9,532.5 10,885.4
Interurban bus transportation 1,890.0 2,362.5 2,547.5
Interurban charter bus
transportation 2,597.8 2,080.6 1,605.6
Urban transit systems and
other transportation
services 5,226.6 5,387.4 5,140.1
Taxi service 7,411.3 6,781.8 5,908.8
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 3,232.5 3,552.2 3,469.5
Automotive rental and leasing 28,765.4 32,052.9 34,197.3
Other vehicle rental and
leasing 724.2 803.4 841.3
Automotive repair services 22,522.3 21,299.0 18,148.5
Parking lots and garages 1,988.0 2,144.7 2,214.5
Highway tolls 1,168.0 1,090.7 1,036.2
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 43,402.5 47,042.2 50,289.1
Gasoline 26,304.3 28,151.3 33,229.3
Food services and drinking place 149,622.7 151,819.7 156,269.1
Recreation and entertainment 85,556.4 92,476.6 100,209.9
Motion pictures and performing
arts 14,747.3 16,059.6 17,213.0
Spectator sports 5,505.4 6,014.3 7,133.0
Participant sports 14,060.1 15,613.5 16,387.3
Gambling 28,717.3 32,117.5 36,613.1
All other recreation and
entertainment 22,526.3 22,671.7 22,863.5
Shopping 155,586.9 161,816.4 172,798.7
2001 2002 2003
Total tourism-related output 859,958.5 872,881.9 914,750.8
Traveler accommodations 124,668.4 125,486.9 126,255.1
Air transportation 147,607.5 138,756.8 149,527.5
Domestic passenger air
transportation 104,387.1 95,530.0 103,123.2
International passenger air
transportation 43,220.4 43,226.8 46,404.3
All other transportation-related
services 170,855.5 172,507.0 178,468.2
Passenger rail transportation 2,053.3 2,182.7 2,145.5
Passenger water transportation 11,433.2 11,057.5 11,870.3
Interurban bus transportation 2,607.5 2,505.7 2,414.8
Interurban charter bus
transportation 1,503.2 1,521.1 1,465.9
Urban transit systems and
other transportation
services 5,062.3 5,090.2 4,905.5
Taxi service 5,812.5 5,831.2 6,409.6
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 3,326.7 3,371.3 3,507.5
Automotive rental and leasing 33,250.0 34,528.9 31,188.3
Other vehicle rental and
leasing 789.3 767.1 692.9
Automotive repair services 20,059.1 20,845.3 21,529.9
Parking lots and garages 2,465.6 2,609.6 2,619.2
Highway tolls 1,045.9 1,115.6 1,269.6
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 49,851.2 50,908.7 53,006.4
Gasoline 31,595.7 30,171.9 35,442.8
Food services and drinking place 154,240.3 163,532.5 174,925.0
Recreation and entertainment 102,318.6 109,538.6 115,575.0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 17,277.0 18,523.9 18,871.5
Spectator sports 6,715.6 7,928.8 8,308.3
Participant sports 16,162.7 17,000.1 17,912.3
Gambling 39,143.9 42,199.5 45,670.9
All other recreation and
entertainment 23,019.4 23,886.3 24,812.1
Shopping 160,268.2 163,060.1 170,000.1
Table I. Direct Tourism Commodity Output, 1998-2003
[Millions of dollars]
1998 1999
Tourism commodities 458,547.0 480,079.2
Traveler accommodations 75,664.0 79,595.8
Air transportation 86,832.5 91,039.3
Domestic passenger air
transportation 61,724.3 65,331.3
International passenger air
transportation 25,108.2 25,708.0
All other transportation-related
services 92,464.4 97,643.9
Passenger rail transportation 941.2 1,021.2
Passenger water transportation 4,426.4 4,972.7
Interurban bus transportation 1,140.3 1,425.4
Interurban charter bus
transportation 1,567.4 1,255.3
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 3,153.5 3,250.5
Taxi service 4,471.6 4,091.8
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,162.4 2,376.2
Automotive rental and leasing 17,817.1 19,853.3
Other vehicle rental and leasing 448.6 497.6
Automotive repair services 13,488.3 12,755.7
Parking lots and garages 1,190.6 1,264.4
Highway tolls 616.3 575.5
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 26,521.2 28,745.2
Gasoline 14,519.6 15,539.1
Food services and drinking places 78,473.8 79,604.7
Recreation and entertainment 50,655.2 54,757.3
Motion pictures and performing arts 8,100.0 8,820.9
Spectator sports 3,278.9 3,582.0
Participant sports 8,490.8 9,428.8
Gambling 17,342.0 19,395.4
All other recreation and
entertainment 13,443.4 13,530.2
Shopping 74,457.1 77,438.3
2000 2001
Tourism commodities 515,495.5 488,482.1
Traveler accommodations 88,142.5 81,709.3
Air transportation 100,474.5 87,094.7
Domestic passenger air
transportation 72,303.6 61,592.8
International passenger air
transportation 28,170.9 25,501.9
All other transportation-related
services 101,844.5 101,480.8
Passenger rail transportation 1,157.3 1,222.5
Passenger water transportation 5,678.4 5,964.2
Interurban bus transportation 1,537.0 1,573.2
Interurban charter bus
transportation 968.7 906.9
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 3,101.3 3,054.3
Taxi service 3,565.0 3,507.0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,320.9 2,225.4
Automotive rental and leasing 21,181.6 20,594.8
Other vehicle rental and leasing 521.1 488.9
Automotive repair services 10,868.9 12,013.1
Parking lots and garages 1,326.2 1,476.6
Highway tolls 546.7 551.9
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 30,729.2 30,461.6
Gasoline 18,342.1 17,440.3
Food services and drinking places 82,986.4 80,874.0
Recreation and entertainment 59,353.7 60,626.0
Motion pictures and performing arts 9,454.4 9,489.5
Spectator sports 4,248.3 3,999.7
Participant sports 9,896.1 9,760.5
Gambling 22,110.2 23,638.5
All other recreation and
entertainment 13,644.7 13,737.7
Shopping 82,693.9 76,697.4
2002 2003
Tourism commodities 495,401.4 518,386.7
Traveler accommodations 82,245.8 82,749.2
Air transportation 81,872.4 88,227.6
Domestic passenger air
transportation 56,366.7 60,847.1
International passenger air
transportation 25,505.7 27,380.5
All other transportation-related
services 102,601.8 105,817.3
Passenger rail transportation 1,299.5 1,277.4
Passenger water transportation 5,768.2 6,192.2
Interurban bus transportation 1,511.8 1,456.9
Interurban charter bus
transportation 917.8 884.5
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 3,071.2 2,959.7
Taxi service 3,518.2 3,867.2
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,255.2 2,346.3
Automotive rental and leasing 21,387.0 19,317.8
Other vehicle rental and leasing 475.2 429.2
Automotive repair services 12,484.0 12,894.0
Parking lots and garages 1,562.8 1,568.6
Highway tolls 588.6 669.9
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 31,107.8 32,389.6
Gasoline 16,654.5 19,563.9
Food services and drinking places 85,746.2 91,719.7
Recreation and entertainment 64,901.7 68,518.3
Motion pictures and performing arts 10,174.4 10,365.3
Spectator sports 4,722.2 4,948.3
Participant sports 102,662.0 10,817.0
Gambling 25,483.8 27,580.1
All other recreation and
entertainment 14,255.1 14,807.6
Shopping 78,033.5 81,354.6
Table J. Indirect and Total Output per Dollar of Direct
Tourism-Related Sales, 2002
Direct Indirect Total
Tourism commodity output output output
Traveler accommodations $1.00 $0.53 $1.53
Food services and drinking places $1.00 $0.91 $1.91
Domestic passenger air transportation $1.00 $0.69 $1.69
International passenger air transportation $1.00 $0.69 $1.69
Passenger rail transportation $1.00 $0.68 $1.68
Passenger water transportation $1.00 $0.92 $1.92
Interurban bus transportation $1.00 $0.66 $1.66
Interurban charter bus transportation $1.00 $0.66 $1.66
Urban transit systems and other $1.00 $0.66 $1.66
transportation services
Taxi service $1.00 $0.66 $1.66
Scenic and sightseeing transportation $1.00 $0.49 $1.49
services
Automotive rental and leasing $1.00 $0.61 $1.61
Other vehicle rental and leasing $1.00 $0.61 $1.61
Automotive repair services $1.00 $0.67 $1.67
Parking lots and garages $1.00 $0.67 $1.67
Highway tolls $1.00 $0.90 $1.90
Travel arrangement and reservation $1.00 $0.64 $1.64
services
Motion pictures and performing arts $1.00 $0.82 $1.82
Spectator sports $1.00 $0.68 $1.68
Participant sports $1.00 $0.66 $1.66
Gambling $1.00 $0.66 $1.66
All other recreation and entertainment $1.00 $0.68 $1.68
Gasoline $1.00 $0.81 $1.81
Shopping $1.00 $1.09 $2.09
All tourism commodities $1.00 $0.76 $1.76
Table K. Commodity Definitions and Methods of Estimating
Personal Consumption Expenditures in the TTSAs
TTSA commodity Commodity definition
Traveler accommodations Receipts from hotels, motels, and all
other traveler accommodation;
receipts from recreational vehicle
parks, campgrounds, and recreational
and vacation camps; excludes meals
served by hotels and motels
Food services and drinking Receipts for food and beverage
places
Domestic passenger air Receipts from domestic air passengers
transportation for airfares
International passenger Receipts from international air
air transportation passengers for airfares
Passenger rail transportation Receipts for rail transportation and
tips
Passenger water transportation Receipts from passengers for water
transportation
Interurban bus transportation Receipts for interurban and rural bus
transportation
Interurban charter bus Receipts from passengers for charter
transportation bus services
Urban transit systems and other Receipts for urban transit systems,
transportation services limousine services, and other transit
and ground passenger transportation
Taxi service Receipts for taxicab services,
including taxi dispatchers
Scenic and sightseeing Receipts for scenic and sightseeing
transportation services transportation
Automotive rental and leasing Receipts for rental of passenger car
and truck
Other vehicle rental and Receipts for rentals of recreation
leasing vehicle and utility trailer
Automotive repair services Receipts for automotive repair and
maintenance
Parking lots and garages Receipts for parking lots and garages
Highway tolls State and local government highway
toll revenues
Travel arrangement and Commissions for the arrangement of
reservation passenger transportation and other
travel arrangement and reservation
Motion pictures and performing Receipts for admissions to movies and
arts theater and music programs
Spectator sports Receipts for sports teams and clubs
Participant sports Receipts for golf courses and country
clubs, skiing facilities,and fitness
and recreational sports centers
Gambling Receipts for gambling
All other recreation and Receipts for miscellaneous
entertainment entertainment, such as amusement
parks, museums, historical sites, and
other recreation and amusements
Gasoline Sales of gasoline, diesel fuel,
lubricating oils, and grease
Shopping Sales of all other nondurable
commodities
Travel by U.S. residents abroad Travel expenditures by U.S. residents
abroad
All other commodities All other commodities not considered
above
Table L. Methods of Estimating Commodity Demand
Attributable to Tourism
Resident
households Business
(1)
Traveler accommodations I-O value I-O value
Food services and drinking
places CEX (3) Private survey (4)
Domestic passenger air
transportation I-O value I-O value
International passenger air
transportation I-O value I-O value
Passenger rail transportation I-O value I-O value
Passenger water transportation I-O value I-O value
Interurban bus transportation I-O value I-O value
Interurban charter bus
transportation I-O value I-O value
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services CEX CEX
Taxi service CEX CEX
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services I-O value I-O value
Automotive rental and leasing CEX I-O value
Other vehicle rental and leasing CEX I-O value
Automotive repair services CEX, private CEX, private
survey survey
Parking lots and garages CEX CEX
Highway tolls CEX CEX
Travel arrangement and
reservation I-O value I-O value
Motion pictures and performing
arts CEX Private survey
Spectator sports CEX Private survey
Participant sports CEX Private survey
Gambling Other (5) 0
All other recreation and
entertainment CEX Private survey
Gasoline CEX Private survey
Shopping Private survey Private survey
Non-
Government residents
Traveler accommodations I-O value Inflight Survey (2)
Food services and drinking
places Private survey Inflight Survey
Domestic passenger air
transportation I-O value Inflight Survey
International passenger air
transportation I-O value I-O value
Passenger rail transportation I-O value Inflight Survey
Passenger water transportation I-O value Inflight Survey
Interurban bus transportation I-O value Inflight Survey
Interurban charter bus
transportation I-O value Inflight Survey
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services CEX Inflight Survey
Taxi service CEX Inflight Survey
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services I-O value Inflight Survey
Automotive rental and leasing I-O value Inflight Survey
Other vehicle rental and leasing I-O value Inflight Survey
Automotive repair services CEX, private Inflight Survey
survey
Parking lots and garages CEX Inflight Survey
Highway tolls CEX Inflight Survey
Travel arrangement and
reservation I-O value Inflight Survey
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 Inflight Survey
Spectator sports 0 Inflight Survey
Participant sports 0 Inflight Survey
Gambling 0 Inflight Survey
All other recreation and
entertainment 0 Inflight Survey
Gasoline Private survey Inflight Survey
Shopping Private survey Inflight Survey
(1.) All estimates are of total domestic consumption'
consumption by nonresidents.
(2.) International Trade Administration Inflight Survey
of international travelers.
(3.) Out-of-town domestic consumption and total domestic
consumption from the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
(4.) Private survey conducted by D.K. Shifflet & Associates.
(5.) Gambling by resident households, based on data from
studies by the Nevada Gaming Commission and by the
National Gambling Impact Study Commission.
CEX Consumer Expenditure Survey
I-O Input-output
Table M. Industries in the Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts
TTSA Industries 2002 NAICS codes
Traveler accommodations 7211, 7212
Food services and drinking places 722
Air transportation 481, 4881
Rail transportation 48211, 48821
Water transportation 483, 4883
Interurban bus transportation 48521
Interurban charter bus transportation 48551
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 4851, 48532, 4859, 4884
Taxi service 48531
Scenic and sightseeing transportation 487
Automotive equipment rental and leasing 5321
Automotive repair services 8111
Parking lots and garages 81293
Toll highways n.a.
Travel arrangement and reservation services 5615
Motion pictures and performing arts 51213, 7111, 7115
Spectator sports 7112, 7113, 7114
Participant sports 71391, 71392, 71394
Gambling 7132
All other recreation and entertainment 1142, 51912, 71121,
7131, 7139
Petroleum refineries 32411
Industries producing nondurable PCE 111, 112, 113, 11411,
commodities, excluding petroleum refineries 212, 22133, 31, 32,
33, 511, 512, 56142,
811
Wholesale trade and transportation services 42, 48
Gasoline service stations 44, 71
Retail trade services, excluding gasoline 44, 45
service stations
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 1. Production of Commodities by Industry, 2002
[Millions of dollars]
Industry
Food
Traveler services Air
Commodity accommo- and trans-
dations drinking portation
places
Traveler accommodations 80,440 449 0
Food services and drinking
places 24,853 408,703 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 56,367
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 25,506
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 0
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 0 4
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 0
Automotive repair services 0 0 0
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 0 0
Gambling 20,751 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 0 430 0
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 1 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 11 123 0
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 3,329
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 1,494 1,882 0
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 2,669 983 15,904
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 0 2,045
All other retail trade margins 3 86 0
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 130,220 412,656 103,154
Intermediate inputs 41,887 219,215 52,463
Compensation of employees 47,028 136,036 40,223
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 12,785 21,188 5,941
Gross operating surplus 285,201 36,217 4,526
Industry
Inter-
Rail Water urban
Commodity trans- trans- bus
portation portation trans-
portation
Traveler accommodations 0 0 0
Food services and drinking
places 91 0 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 1,300 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 6,360 0
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 1,471
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 38
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 39
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 11 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 0
Automotive repair services 0 0 0
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 0 0
Gambling 0 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 0 1 0
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 1,294 874 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 0 0
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 16,732 2,969 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 8,547 21,925 49
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 17,846 2,003 0
All other retail trade margins 0 0 0
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 45,809 34,142 1,597
Intermediate inputs 19,717 20,791 582
Compensation of employees 17,214 8,091 701
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 173 2,306 12
Gross operating surplus 8,705 2,954 302
Industry
Inter- Urban
urban transit
Commodity charter systems
bus and Taxi
trans- other service
portation trans-
portation
Traveler accommodations 0 0 0
Food services and drinking
places 0 0 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 11 11 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 803 62 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 185 17,214 34
Taxi service 0 9 9,791
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 28 28 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 0
Automotive repair services 4 19 3
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 0 0
Gambling 0 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 0 0 0
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 0 0
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 4 3
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 24 3,532 32
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 0 0
All other retail trade margins 0 0 0
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 1,056 20,879 9,864
Intermediate inputs 129 12,239 2,931
Compensation of employees 725 17,672 4,252
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 19 -39 358
Gross operating surplus 183 -8,994 2,323
Industry
Scenic
and Automotive
sight- equipment Automotive
Commodity seeing rental repair
trans- and services
portation leasing
Traveler accommodations 0 0 0
Food services and drinking
places 0 0 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 10 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 18 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 14 0 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 29 24 0
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,185 0 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 22,158 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 469 0
Automotive repair services 1 0 91,727
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 0 0
Gambling 0 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 1 0 0
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 0 27
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 27 13,550 10,175
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 0 0
All other retail trade margins 7 194 1,473
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 2,292 36,396 103,402
Intermediate inputs 648 23,926 50,161
Compensation of employees 814 6,624 30,286
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 268 2,770 7,024
Gross operating surplus 562 3,075 15,930
Industry
Travel
Parking arrangement
Commodity lots and Toll and
garages highways reservation
services
Traveler accommodations 0 0 0
Food services and drinking
places 0 0 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 0
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 0 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 0
Automotive repair services 0 0 0
Parking lots and garages 9,970 0 0
Highway tolls 0 7,762 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 33,396
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 0 0
Gambling 0 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 0 0 0
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 0 0
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 3 0 69
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins -3 203 86
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 0 0
All other retail trade margins 0 0 0
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 9,970 7,965 33,550
Intermediate inputs 4,744 1,814 17,858
Compensation of employees 2,062 2,195 12,498
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 716 0 765
Gross operating surplus 2,448 3,955 2,429
Industry
Motion
pictures
Commodity and Spectator Participant
performing sports sports
arts
Traveler accommodations 0 0 345
Food services and drinking
places 4 5 5,904
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 0
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 0 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 0
Automotive repair services 0 0 0
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 19,462 9,801 0
Spectator sports 0 12,317 0
Participant sports 0 0 31,806
Gambling 0 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 35 2,210 63
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 0 1
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 152 244 501
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 20,937 7,768 621
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 0 0
All other retail trade margins 4 12 40
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 40,595 32,356 39,282
Intermediate inputs 21,230 11,043 17,917
Compensation of employees 12,600 13,190 15,313
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 1,508 1,521 2,151
Gross operating surplus 5,257 6,603 3,901
Industry
All other
recreation
Commodity Gambling and Petroleum
enter- refineries
tainment
Traveler accommodations 0 0 0
Food services and drinking
places 1,614 4,277 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 0
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 0 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 0
Automotive repair services 0 0 0
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 54 150 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 2,889 0
Gambling 31,044 53 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 26 33,086 0
Gasoline 0 0 93,753
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 64 0
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 71,534
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 61 1,673 0
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 6,603 1,703 20,414
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 0 84
All other retail trade margins 0 208 0
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 39,403 44,103 185,784
Intermediate inputs 18,579 17,260 166,102
Compensation of employees 9,869 14,159 7,120
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 1,789 3,907 1,424
Gross operating surplus 9,166 8,777 11,139
Industry
Industries
producing
nondurable Wholesale
PCE trade and Gasoline
Commodity commodities, trans- service
excluding portation stations
petroleum services
refineries
Traveler accommodations 0 0 0
Food services and drinking
places 0 0 4,811
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 0
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 0
Passenger water transportation 0 0 0
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 0
Taxi service 0 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 0 0
Automotive rental and leasing 0 0 0
Other vehicle rental and leasing 0 0 6
Automotive repair services 26 6,182 3,627
Parking lots and garages 0 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 0
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0 0
Participant sports 0 0 0
Gambling 0 0 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 1,079 0 0
Gasoline 0 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 72,494 0
Retail trade margins on gasoline 0 0 30,673
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 1,125,194 9,228 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 338,607 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 147 17 16,065
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 701,863 207,510 2,342
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 21,931 487,641 0
All other retail trade margins 1,170 0 1,172
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 1,851,411 1,121,679 58,695
Intermediate inputs 1,142,127 385,917 8,534
Compensation of employees 350,420 406,117 20,487
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 26,778 143,976 9,090
Gross operating surplus 332,086 185,670 20,585
Industry
Retail
trade
services,
Commodity excluding All other Domestic
gasoline industries Production
service
stations
Traveler accommodations 0 1,012 82,246
Food services and drinking
places 11,088 0 461,349
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 56,367
International passenger air
transportation 0 0 25,506
Passenger rail transportation 0 0 1,300
Passenger water transportation 0 0 6,370
Interurban bus transportation 0 0 1,512
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 918
Urban transit systems and
other transportation services 0 0 17,525
Taxi service 0 0 9,801
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 0 2,255
Automotive rental and leasing 1,017 0 23,176
Other vehicle rental and leasing 54 0 529
Automotive repair services 68,783 0 170,373
Parking lots and garages 0 367 10,337
Highway tolls 0 0 7,762
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 33,396
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0 404 29,870
Spectator sports 0 0 12,317
Participant sports 0 46 34,742
Gambling 0 0 51,848
All other recreation and
entertainment 511 8,203 45,645
Gasoline 0 0 93,753
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 0 0 74,662
Retail trade margins on gasoline 3,812 124 34,836
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 9,489 31,113 1,246,560
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 0 0 361,637
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 483,696 15,443 521,454
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 33,320 13,228,866 14,309,649
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 0 28,734 560,283
All other retail trade margins 424,918 15,402 444,690
Travel by U.S. residents abroad 0 0 0
Industry output 1,036,688 13,329,715 18,732,663
Intermediate inputs 320,441 5,683,303 8,260,366
Compensation of employees 399,222 4,444,606 6,019,436
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 136,271 338,910 721,235
Gross operating surplus 180,754 2,862,896 3,731,627
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 2. Supply and Consumption of Commodities, 2002
[Millions of dollars]
Supply
Change in
Commodity Domestic Imports private
production inventories
Traveler accommodations 82,246 0 0
Food services and
drinking places 461,349 0 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 56,367 0 0
International passenger
air transportation 25,506 16,912 0
Passenger rail
transportation 1,300 0 0
Passenger water
transportation 6,370 689 0
Interurban bus
transportation 1,512 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 918 0 0
Urban transit systems
and other transporta-
tion services 17,525 0 0
Taxi service 9,801 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation
services 2,255 0 0
Automotive rental and
leasing 23,176 0 0
Other vehicle rental
and leasing 529 0 0
Automotive repair
services 170,373 0 0
Parking lots and
garages 10,337 0 0
Highway tolls 7,762 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 33,396 0 0
Motion pictures and
performing arts 29,870 88 0
Spectator sports 12,317 10 0
Participant sports 34,742 0 0
Gambling 51,848 0 0
All other recreation
and entertainment 45,645 2 1
Gasoline 93,753 7,309 567
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on gasoline 74,662 0 0
Retail trade margins on
gasoline 34,836 0 0
Nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 1,246,560 322,506 5,045
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other
than gasoline 361,637 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 521,454 0 0
All other commodities,
except all other
trade and transporta-
tion margins 14,309,649 988,843 -249
All other wholesale
trade and transporta-
tion margins 560,283 0 0
All other retail trade
margins 444,690 0 0
Travel by U.S.
residents abroad 0 57,623 0
Total 18,732,663 1,393,982 5,364
Supply
Wholesale
trade
margins Retail
Commodity and trade Total
transporta- margins supply
tion costs
Traveler accommodations 0 0 82,246
Food services and
drinking places 0 0 461,349
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0 56,367
International passenger
air transportation 0 0 42,418
Passenger rail
transportation 0 0 1,300
Passenger water
transportation 0 0 7,058
Interurban bus
transportation 0 0 1,512
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 918
Urban transit systems
and other transporta-
tion services 0 0 17,525
Taxi service 0 0 9,801
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation
services 0 1 2,255
Automotive rental and
leasing 0 0 23,176
Other vehicle rental
and leasing 0 0 529
Automotive repair
services 0 0 170,373
Parking lots and
garages 0 0 10,337
Highway tolls 0 0 7,762
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0 33,396
Motion pictures and
performing arts 0 0 29,958
Spectator sports 0 0 12,327
Participant sports 10 0 34,742
Gambling 0 0 51,848
All other recreation
and entertainment 0 0 45,646
Gasoline 74,662 34,836 209,993
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 361,637 521,454 2,447,112
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
All other commodities,
except all other
trade and transporta-
tion margins 560,283 444,690 16,303,714
All other wholesale
trade and transporta-
tion margins 0 0 0
All other retail trade
margins 0 0 0
Travel by U.S.
residents abroad 0 0 57,623
Total 996,582 1,000,980 20,121,281
Consumption
Intermediate
Private Government Personal
Commodity expendi- expendi- consumption
tures tures expenditures
Traveler accommodations 28,852 6,064 47,329
Food services and
drinking places 74,281 11,521 375,115
Domestic passenger air
transportation 24,847 3,463 28,056
International passenger
air transportation 7,676 961 19,306
Passenger rail
transportation 595 157 548
Passenger water
transportation 0 0 6,392
Interurban bus
transportation 5 40 1,467
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0 918
Urban transit systems
and other transporta-
tion services 5,161 217 12,147
Taxi service 5,864 621 3,316
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation
services 60 3 2,193
Automotive rental and
leasing 12,844 2,365 7,967
Other vehicle rental
and leasing 328 0 201
Automotive repair
services 41,684 3,858 124,820
Parking lots and
garages 1,924 1,230 7,183
Highway tolls 1,783 399 5,579
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 20,862 1,051 10,328
Motion pictures and
performing arts 5,743 20 24,056
Spectator sports 6,896 13 5,402
Participant sports 4,862 66 29,814
Gambling 1,880 0 49,968
All other recreation
and entertainment 3,680 1,499 40,463
Gasoline 40,832 5,969 161,590
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
gasoline 0 0 0
Nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 615,275 121,935 1,582,705
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 0 0 0
All other commodities,
except all other
trade and transporta-
tion margins 6,553,492 639,565 4,829,606
All other wholesale
trade and transporta-
tion margins 0 0 0
All other retail trade
margins 0 0 0
Travel by U.S.
residents abroad 11,499 0 46,124
Total 7,470,925 801,017 7,422,593
Consumption
Gross
private Government
Commodity fixed final
investment expenditures
Traveler accommodations 0 0
Food services and
drinking places 0 0
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 0
International passenger
air transportation 0 0
Passenger rail
transportation 0 0
Passenger water
transportation 0 0
Interurban bus
transportation 0 0
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 0
Urban transit systems
and other transporta-
tion services 0 0
Taxi service 0 0
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation
services 0 0
Automotive rental and
leasing 0 0
Other vehicle rental
and leasing 0 0
Automotive repair
services 0 0
Parking lots and
garages 0 0
Highway tolls 0 0
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0 0
Motion pictures and
performing arts 0 0
Spectator sports 0 0
Participant sports 0 0
Gambling 0 0
All other recreation
and entertainment 0 0
Gasoline 0 0
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on gasoline 0 0
Retail trade margins on
gasoline 0 0
Nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 5,921 1,547
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 0 0
All other commodities,
except all other
trade and transporta-
tion margins 1,577,940 1,930,987
All other wholesale
trade and transporta-
tion margins 0 0
All other retail trade
margins 0 0
Travel by U.S.
residents abroad 0 0
Total 1,583,860 1,932,534
Consumption
Exports
of goods Total
Commodity and consumption
services
Traveler accommodations 0 82,246
Food services and
drinking places 432 461,349
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 56,367
International passenger
air transportation 14,474 42,418
Passenger rail
transportation 0 1,300
Passenger water
transportation 667 7,058
Interurban bus
transportation 0 1,512
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 918
Urban transit systems
and other transporta-
tion services 0 17,525
Taxi service 0 9,801
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation
services 0 2,255
Automotive rental and
leasing 0 23,176
Other vehicle rental
and leasing 0 529
Automotive repair
services 10 170,373
Parking lots and
garages 0 10,337
Highway tolls 0 7,762
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 1,155 33,396
Motion pictures and
performing arts 139 29,958
Spectator sports 16 12,327
Participant sports 0 34,742
Gambling 0 51,848
All other recreation
and entertainment 3 45,646
Gasoline 1,601 209,993
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on gasoline 0 0
Retail trade margins on
gasoline 0 0
Nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 119,730 2,447,112
Wholesale trade and
transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other
than gasoline 0 0
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE
commodities other
than gasoline 0 0
All other commodities,
except all other
trade and transporta-
tion margins 772,125 16,303,714
All other wholesale
trade and transporta-
tion margins 0 0
All other retail trade
margins 0 0
Travel by U.S.
residents abroad 0 57,623
Total 910,352 20,121,281
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 3. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor, 2002
[Millions of dollars]
Total
Total tourism
Commodity demand demand Business
Traveler accommodations 82,246 82,246 28,852
Foods services and
drinking places 461,349 85,746 22,437
Domestic passenger air
transportation 56,367 56,367 24,847
International passenger
air transportation 42,418 42,418 7,676
Passenger rail
transportation 1,300 1,300 595
Passenger water
transportation 7,058 6,392 0
Interurban bus
transportation 1,512 1,512 5
Interurban charter bus
transportation 918 918 0
Urban transit systems and
other transportation
services 17,525 3,071 862
Taxi service 9,801 3,518 2,065
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,255 2,255 60
Automotive rental and
leasing 23,176 21,387 12,844
Other vehicle rental and
leasing 529 475 328
Automotive repair services 170,373 12,484 3,522
Parking lots and garages 10,337 1,563 280
Highway tolls 7,762 589 123
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 33,396 31,108 10,203
Motion pictures and
performing arts 29,958 10,204 2,543
Spectator sports 12,327 4,726 3,053
Participant sports 34,742 10,266 2,153
Gambling 51,848 25,484 0
All other recreation and
entertainment 45,646 14,255 1,629
Gasoline 209,993 17,207 4,883
Nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 2,447,112 89,666 15,611
All other commodities 16,303,714 0 0
Total domestic tourism demand 20,063,658 525,156 144,570
Travel by U.S. residents
abroad 57,623 57,623 11,499
Total tourism demand 20,121,281 582,779 156,069
Resident Non-
Commodity Government households residents
Traveler accommodations 6,064 28,565 18,764
Foods services and
drinking places 5,239 43,564 14,505
Domestic passenger air
transportation 3,463 24,124 3,933
International passenger
air transportation 961 19,306 14,474
Passenger rail
transportation 157 471 77
Passenger water
transportation 0 5,496 896
Interurban bus
transportation 40 1,261 206
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 789 129
Urban transit systems and
other transportation
services 36 1,999 174
Taxi service 219 1,132 102
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 3 1,886 307
Automotive rental and
leasing 2,365 5,698 480
Other vehicle rental and
leasing 0 120 27
Automotive repair services 321 7,570 1,070
Parking lots and garages 179 1,033 71
Highway tolls 27 379 59
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 1,357 18,393 1,155
Motion pictures and
performing arts 0 6,741 921
Spectator sports 0 1,366 307
Participant sports 0 7,511 603
Gambling 0 20,835 4,648
All other recreation and
entertainment 0 11,578 1,048
Gasoline 445 10,494 1,386
Nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 1,631 56,839 15,585
All other commodities 0 0 0
Total domestic tourism demand 22,507 277,151 80,927
Travel by U.S. residents 0 46,124 0
abroad
Total tourism demand 22,507 323,275 80,927
Tourism
Nontourism commodity
Commodity demand ratio
Traveler accommodations 0 1.00
Foods services and
drinking places 375,603 0.19
Domestic passenger air
transportation 0 1.00
International passenger
air transportation 0 1.00
Passenger rail
transportation 0 1.00
Passenger water
transportation 667 0.91
Interurban bus
transportation 0 1.00
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0 1.00
Urban transit systems and
other transportation
services 14,453 0.18
Taxi service 6,283 0.36
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0 1.00
Automotive rental and
leasing 1,789 0.92
Other vehicle rental and
leasing 54 0.90
Automotive repair services 157,889 0.07
Parking lots and garages 8,774 0.15
Highway tolls 7,173 0.08
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 2,288 0.93
Motion pictures and
performing arts 19,754 0.34
Spectator sports 7,601 0.38
Participant sports 24,475 0.30
Gambling 26,364 0.49
All other recreation and 31,390 0.31
entertainment
Gasoline 192,786 0.08
Nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 2,357,447 0.04
All other commodities 16,303,714 0.00
Total domestic tourism demand 19,538,502 ...
Travel by U.S. residents 0 1.00
abroad
Total tourism demand 19,538,502 ...
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 4. Output and Value Added by Industry, 2002
[Millions of dollars]
Inter-
Industry Industry mediate Value
output consump- added
tion
Traveler accommodations 130,220 41,887 88,333
Food services and drinking
places 412,656 219,215 193,442
Air transportation 103,154 52,463 50,690
Rail transportation 45,809 19,717 26,092
Water transportation 34,142 20,791 13,352
Interurban bus transportation 1,597 582 1,015
Interurban charter bus
transportation 1,056 129 927
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 20,879 12,239 8,640
Taxi service 9,864 2,931 6,933
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 2,292 648 1,644
Automotive equipment rental
and leasing 36,396 23,926 12,469
Automotive repair services 103,402 50,161 53,241
Parking lots and garages 9,970 4,744 5,226
Toll highways 7,965 1,814 6,150
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 33,550 17,858 15,692
Motion pictures and performing
arts 40,595 21,230 19,365
Spectator sports 32,356 11,043 21,313
Participant sports 39,282 17,917 21,365
Gambling 39,403 18,579 20,824
All other recreation and
entertainment 44,103 17,260 26,842
Petroleum refineries 185,784 166,102 19,683
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 1,851,411 1,142,127 709,284
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 1,121,679 385,917 735,762
Gasoline service stations 58,695 8,534 50,162
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 1,036,688 320,441 716,247
All other industries 13,329,715 5,683,303 7,646,412
Total tourism industries 18,732,663 8,261,558 10,471,105
Tourism Tourism
Industry industry output
ratio
Traveler accommodations 0.73 95,314
Food services and drinking
places 0.19 76,624
Air transportation 0.79 81,998
Rail transportation 0.04 2,036
Water transportation 0.17 5,950
Interurban bus transportation 0.95 1,516
Interurban charter bus
transportation 0.83 876
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 0.15 3,122
Taxi service 0.36 3,521
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 0.97 2,232
Automotive equipment rental
and leasing 0.57 20,874
Automotive repair services 0.07 6,723
Parking lots and garages 0.15 1,508
Toll highways 0.07 5,891
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0.93 31,110
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0.16 6,646
Spectator sports 0.27 8,761
Participant sports 0.28 10,879
Gambling 0.40 15,587
All other recreation and
entertainment 0.27 12,125
Petroleum refineries 0.06 10,303
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 0.02 41,573
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 0.02 19,139
Gasoline service stations 0.07 4,267
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 0.03 26,631
All other industries 0.00 5,496
Total tourism industries ... 495,401
Tourism
inter- Tourism
Industry mediate value
consump- added
tion
Traveler accommodations 30,659 64,655
Food services and drinking
places 40,705 35,919
Air transportation 41,704 40,294
Rail transportation 876 1,159
Water transportation 3,623 2,327
Interurban bus transportation 553 963
Interurban charter bus
transportation 107 769
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 1,830 1,292
Taxi service 1,046 2,475
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 631 1,602
Automotive equipment rental
and leasing 13,722 7,151
Automotive repair services 3,262 3,462
Parking lots and garages 717 790
Toll highways 134 455
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 16,559 14,551
Motion pictures and performing
arts 3,476 3,171
Spectator sports 2,990 5,771
Participant sports 4,962 5,917
Gambling 7,350 8,238
All other recreation and
entertainment 4,745 7,380
Petroleum refineries 92,121 1,092
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 25,646 15,927
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 6,585 12,554
Gasoline service stations 620 3,647
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 8,232 18,399
All other industries 2,343 3,153
Total tourism industries 232,290 263,112
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 5. Employment and Compensation of Employees by Industry, 2002
Total Tourism
employment Tourism employment
Industry (thousands industry (thousands
of ratio of
employees) employees)
Traveler accommodations 1,787 0.73 1,308
Food services and drinking
places 8,555 0.19 1,589
Air transportation 685 0.79 544
Rail transportation 216 0.04 10
Water transportation 157 0.17 27
Interurban bus transportation 27 0.95 25
Interurban charter bus
transportation 26 0.83 22
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 346 0.15 52
Taxi service 151 0.36 54
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 19 0.97 18
Automotive equipment rental and
leasing 184 0.57 105
Automotive repair services 894 0.07 58
Parking lots and garages 80 0.15 12
Toll highways 60 0.07 4
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 241 0.93 223
Motion pictures and performing
arts 194 0.16 32
Spectator sports 210 0.27 57
Participant sports 762 0.28 211
Gambling 427 0.40 169
All other recreation and
entertainment 449 0.27 124
Petroleum refineries 76 0.06 4
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 7,173 0.02 161
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 7,318 0.02 125
Gasoline service stations 676 0.07 49
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 14,851 0.03 382
All other industries 92,200 0.00 38
Total 137,761 ... 5,402
Tourism
Compen- compen- Average
sation sation compen-
Industry (millions (millions sation per
of of tourism
dollars) dollars) employee
Traveler accommodations 47,633 34,865 26,663
Food services and drinking
places 128,087 23,784 14,972
Air transportation 43,166 34,313 63,043
Rail transportation 17,315 769 80,187
Water transportation 8,301 1,447 53,005
Interurban bus transportation 699 663 26,257
Interurban charter bus
transportation 696 577 26,515
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 17,504 2,617 50,603
Taxi service 4,277 1,527 28,399
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation 819 798 44,123
Automotive equipment rental and
leasing 7,086 4,064 38,614
Automotive repair services 30,272 1,968 33,847
Parking lots and garages 2,062 312 25,832
Toll highways 2,195 162 36,834
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 12,498 11,589 51,896
Motion pictures and performing
arts 12,598 2,063 64,782
Spectator sports 13,206 3,576 63,017
Participant sports 15,183 4,205 19,916
Gambling 9,954 3,938 23,308
All other recreation and
entertainment 14,093 3,874 31,367
Petroleum refineries 7,122 395 93,652
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 350,680 7,874 48,891
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 406,262 6,932 55,519
Gasoline service stations 20,389 1,482 30,174
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 399,020 10,250 26,868
All other industries 4,453,139 1,836 48,299
Total 6,024,253 165,881 30,707
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Chart 1. Tourism Demand
[Billions of Dollars (Percent of total)]
2000 2001 2002 2003
$548.9 $520.4 $525.2 $550.0
Auto & Truck Rental (3.9%) (4.0%) (4.1%) (3.5%)
International Air Fares (9.0%) (8.6%) (8.1%) (8.3%
Recreation & Entertainment (10.8%) (11.7%) (12.4%) (12.5%)
Domestic Air Fares (13.2%) (11.8%) (10.7%) (11.1%)
Food Services & Drinking
Places (15.1%) (15.5%) (16.3%) (16.7%)
Traveler Accomodations (16.1%) (15.7%) (15.7%) (15%.0)
Other (32.0%) (32.7%) (32.8%) (33.0%)
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Acknowledgments
Mark A. Planting, Chief of the Industry Studies Branch, and Peter D. Kuhbach of the Industry Economics Division supervised the preparation of the estimates. Sumiye Okubo, Associate Director for Industry Accounts, and Ann M. Lawson, Chief of the Industry Economics Division, provided overall guidance. Stephen G. Gross, Bradlee A. Herauf, Edward A. Kocis, and Gabriel W. Medeiros prepared the estimates. Karen J. Horowitz and Erich H. Strassner provided valuable assistance.
Staff members of the Annual Industry Branch, of the National Income and Wealth Division, and of the Government Division contributed to the development of the estimates.
The Tourism Industries Office of the International Trade Administration provided funding for the preparation of the TTSAs.
(1.) These accounts were first published in July 1998 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis with the support of the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. For more information, see Sumiye Okubo and Mark A. Planting, "U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 78 (July 1998): 8-22.
(2.) In June, BEA released the initial results of the comprehensive revision of the annual industry accounts; see Brian C. Moyer, Mark A. Planting, Paul V. Kern, and Abigail M. Kish, "Improved Annual Industry Accounts for 1998-2003" SURVEY 84 (June 2004): 21-57.
(3.) The definitions, framework, and estimating methods used for the U.S. TTSAs closely follow the guidelines for similar accounts that were developed by the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. See also the box on the key terms used in the TTSAs.
(4.) For a discussion of the integration methodology, see Brian C. Moyer, Mark A. Planting, Mahnaz Fahim-Nader, and Sherlene K.S. Lum, "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the Annual Industry Accounts" SURVEY 84 (March 2004): 38-51.
(5.) Beginning with the release of the estimates for the second quarter of 2004 on September 8, 2004, the quarterly estimates are derived from a complete set of TTSAs that are less than 2 years old. Previously, the quarterly estimates were extrapolated from the TTSA estimates for 1997.
(6.) In the news release on September 8, 2004, this indicator is referred to as "total sales of tourism-related goods and services"; in this article, "output" replaces "sales" in order to be consistent with I-O terminology.
(7.) The quarterly TTSA estimates are available on BEA's Web site at <www.bea.gov>.
(8.) The tourism trade surplus is calculated by subtracting imports (outbound tourism demand) from exports (inbound tourism demand). The estimates of this surplus differ from those calculated in the U.S. international transactions accounts (ITAs), because U.S. territories and Puerto Rico are included in the rest of the world in the input-output accounts and the national income and product accounts; in the ITAs, these areas are treated as part of the United States.
(9.) Total tourism employment is probably higher than the TTSAs show, because it excludes the self-employed.
(10.) The multipliers for 2003 were not estimated, because the annual I-O accounts for 2003 win not be available until late 2004.
(11.) For a list of the principal sources of data for the annual I-O accounts, see table D in Moyer, Planting, Fahim-Nader, and Lum, 48-49.
(12.) The CEX is the only public, national source of data that allocates the share of consumer spending between visitors and nonvisitors. This survey collects data on consumer expenditures, including expenditures on tourism, or out-of-town trips, for selected categories of commodities. The ratios of CEX travel expenditures to total CEX expenditures for appropriate commodities were applied to I-O personal consumption expenditures weights. These ratios were also applied to business and government consumption if no other data were available.
(13.) This recognition was suggested by an international working group on tourism satellite accounts; see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Trade Organization, and United Nations Statistics Division, Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework (Luxembourg, Madrid, New York, and Paris, 2001).
(14.) The data are from D.K. Shifflet & Associates Ltd., but they are not available for public use.
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