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U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts for 2001-2004
Peter KuhbachTHE tourism industry's rebound from a marked slowdown in 2001 has accelerated in recent years, though employment remains weak across the industry, according to the most recent estimates from the travel and tourism satellite accounts of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). (1)
The estimates show that total output by the tourism industry--a measure of the value of domestically produced goods and services for tourists and all supporting production--has risen every year since 2001 in current dollars. (2) In 2004, total output increased 6.8 percent after increasing 3.8 percent in 2003 and 0.5 percent in 2002; in 2001, total tourism output decreased 4.4 percent.
While the tourism industry has clearly gained strength, the new estimates also show that the industry has continued to evolve in significant ways:
* Total output growth since 2001 has accelerated, despite job losses in 2001-2003 and weak job growth in 2004.
* Tourism industry value added has rebounded since 2001.
* The tourism industry's composition of output and employment has shifted. Traveler accommodations and passenger air transportation services accounted for a smaller share of direct output and employment in 2004 than in 2000.
* The composition of tourism demand by type of visitor has shifted. Business travel, inbound tourism, and outbound tourism accounted for smaller shares of total demand in 2003 than in 2000. Travel by resident households and by government accounted for larger shares.
The most recent estimates of BEA's travel and tourism satellite accounts include advance estimates of total output and employment for 2004 and revised estimates for the full set of accounts for 2001-2003. The new estimates incorporate newly available data from BEiVs input-output (I-O) accounts and updated data from the national income and products accounts (NIPAs). The travel and tourism accounts in their entirety are available on BEA's Web site at <www.bea.gov>; see the box "Data Availability."
With its most recent release, BEA has enhanced the estimates of the tourism industry in several ways:
* For the first time, estimates of total (direct and indirect) tourism employment are available.
* Two new tables have been added to the travel and tourism accounts. One new table shows direct and total tourism-related output by commodity (table 5); the other shows total tourism-related employment by industry (table 7).
* Detailed estimates of output and employment are available sooner. The estimates are now released 6 months, rather than 9 months, after the end of the year.
* Detailed estimates derived from the I-O accounts are also now available sooner, that is 18 months, rather than 21 months, after the end of the year.
The rest of this article presents a more detailed discussion of tourism activity in 2000-2004. It also looks at the revisions to the estimates and the source data and methods that were used to prepare them.
Output and Employment
Output
In 2004, total tourism-related output increased to $954.8 billion, up from $897.8 billion in 2000 (chart 1). This output consisted of $546.4 billion in direct tourism output, which is defined as the output of goods and services sold directly to visitors, and $408.4 billion in indirect tourism output, which is defined as the output of goods and services used to produce the direct output. (For more information about the relationship between direct and indirect output, see the box "Output and Employment Multipliers.")
The growth in direct output reflected growth in all the components of the tourism industry, particularly in 2003-2004. Sales of "food services and drinking places" increased 9.7 percent in 2004 after increasing 4.4 percent in 2003 (table A). Sales of "passenger air transportation" grew 6.9 percent in 2004 after increasing 4.6 percent in 2003. Sales of "recreation and entertainment" increased 6.4 percent in 2004 after rising 4.5 percent in 2003. In 2003-2004, these three industries accounted for more than 55 percent of the growth in the tourism industry.
The relatively weak performance of some industries was influenced by a drop in prices. For example, spending for domestic passenger air transportation in current dollars fell at an average annual rate of 2.9 percent in 2000-2004. That drop in spending reflected a fall in air transportation prices, which stimulated demand but to a lesser extent than the fall in prices. Other data from BEA provide confirmation. Personal consumption expenditures for airlines in the NIPAs show that current-dollar spending on airline services fell at an average annual rate of 3.3 percent in 2000-2004, while price-adjusted spending rose at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent.
In addition, the strong growth in some industries in 2000-2004 led to a change in the current-dollar composition of the tourism industry. "Food services and drinking places" and "recreation and entertainment" accounted for 31.5 percent of direct tourism output in 2004, up from 27.6 percent in 2000 (chart 2).
In contrast, passenger air transportation accounted for 16.9 percent of direct tourism output, down from 19.5 percent in 2000. And despite strong growth in 2004, spending for traveler accommodations accounted for only 15.9 percent of the total tourism-related output, down from 17.1 percent in 2000. These two industries have taken a longer time to recover from the economic downturn in 2000-2001.
Employment
While tourism-related output has recovered from the slowdown in 2001, tourism-related employment has remained below the peak levels of 2000. Total employment fell at an average annual rate of 2.0 percent in 2000-2003 before edging up 0.3 percent in 2004 (chart 3).
Total tourism-related employment includes 5.4 million direct employment positions and 2.5 million indirect employment positions. Direct tourism employment includes all jobs engaged in the production of direct tourism output, such as hotel staff, airline pilots, and souvenir sellers. Indirect tourism employment includes all jobs engaged in the production of indirect tourism output, such as workers producing hotel toiletries, meals for airlines, and the plastic used in souvenirs. (See the box "Key Terms:")
In 2000-2004, the travel accommodations industry shed the most direct tourism jobs (chart 4). It lost jobs at an average annual rate of 1.6 percent--a total of 86,100 jobs. Jobs in air transportation services declined at an average annual rate of 3.3 percent--76,000 jobs. And jobs in "travel arrangement and reservation services" declined at a 5.5-percent average annual rate--52,100 jobs.
Despite the overall employment weakness, some industries added jobs. Employment in "food services and drinking places," for example, increased at an average annual rate of 0.7 percent, creating 47,400 jobs. Jobs in the gambling industry rose at a 1.6-percent rate, adding nearly 10,900 jobs. And participant sports jobs gained at a 1.1-percent rate, adding 9,100 jobs.
In a few cases, the weakness in employment coincided with strong gains in output and value added. For example, direct employment in the "travel arrangement and reservation services" industry declined at an average annual rate of 5.5 percent in 2000-2004, but direct output climbed at an average annual rate of 2.7 percent. In 2000-2003 (the most recent year for which data are available), value added climbed at a rate of 5.5 percent. These trends indicate that travelers are relying less on traditional, locally sourced travel arrangement services and more on Internet-based services.
Overall, the composition of direct employment in the tourism industry has changed. Most notably, jobs in food services and drinking places accounted for 30.5 percent of the total direct tourism employment in 2004, up from 28.2 percent in 2000.
Tourism Demand and Value Added
Total tourism demand
In 2003 (the most recent year for which data are available), total tourism demand increased 3.3 percent, the first increase since the slowdown in 2001, but well below the 8.2-percent growth in 2000 (table B). Total tourism demand is defined as the sum of expenditures by resident households, businesses, and government, of inbound tourism (foreigners visiting the United States), and of outbound tourism (U.S. residents traveling abroad).
The rebound in demand reflected strong growth in several industries. Demand in domestic passenger air transportation services grew 7.0 percent in 2003 after decreasing 7.9 percent in 2002. Tourism demand in passenger water transportation services grew 9.2 percent after decreasing 1.6 percent. And tourism demand in automotive rental and leasing grew 9.4 percent after decreasing 1.1 percent.
Tourism demand by type of visitor shifted in significant ways (chart 5). Perhaps most strikingly, in 2000-2003, international travel declined significantly.
Annually, outbound tourism fell 4.4 percent, and inbound tourism fell 8.1 percent. As a result, U.S. net exports of tourism in 2003 are less than a quarter of their 2000 level (chart 6).
Value added
In 2003 (the most recent year for which estimates are available), the tourism industry's current-dollar value added grew 4.5 percent to $285.0 billion after increasing 2.7 percent to $272.7 billion in 2002 and after decreasing 2.7 percent to $265.7 billion in 2001 (chart 7). In all 3 years, the tourism industry growth rate lagged the growth rate of current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP). (3) An industry's value added measures the industry's contribution to gross domestic product (GDP); it is defined as an industry's gross output minus its intermediate inputs.
The growth in value added in 2003 reflected upturns in several industries. The value added of air transportation services rose 11.8 percent after decreasing 1.4 percent in 2002. The value added of "travel arrangement and reservation services" grew 9.6 percent after increasing 2.4 percent in 2002.
Despite the growth in the tourism industry, its share of GDP remained at 2.6 percent in 2001-2003, below its 2.8-percent share in 1998-2000. However, the tourism industry still accounted for a larger share of GDP than other industries, such as agriculture, motor vehicles, computer and electronic products, and utilities (table C).
Revisions and Source Data
The revised estimates of travel and tourism for 2001-2003 and the advance estimates for 2004 are based on estimates from other BEA accounts. For 2001-2003, the travel and tourism estimates of output, value added, tourism demand, and employment are based on the revised annual input-output (I-O) accounts for 2001-2003, which were released in December 2004. (4) The estimates of direct tourism output for 2004 were derived from the annual I-O estimates for 2003 and estimates of personal consumption expenditures for 2004 from the NIPAs. The estimates of direct tourism employment for 2004 were derived from the annual I-O estimates for 2003 and from data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages for 2004 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The revisions to the estimates of direct tourism output and direct tourism employment were generally small (tables D and E). The revised estimates for 2001-2002 incorporate estimates from the most recently released annual I-O accounts for 2001-2002. The estimates for 2003 are based on an initial set of I-O accounts for 2003.
The estimates of total tourism-related output and total tourism-related employment were derived by applying output and employment "multipliers" to the estimates of direct output and direct employment. (For more information, see the box "Output and Employment Multipliers.")
Methodology
The advance estimates for 2004 are presented in two tables. One table presents direct and total tourism-related output, and the other table presents direct and total tourism-related employment.
The revised estimates for 2003 are presented in a set of seven core tables: Production of commodities by industry, supply and consumption of commodities, demand for commodities by type of visitor, output and value added by industry, output by commodity, employment and compensation of employees by industry, and total tourism-related employment by industry.
Production of commodities by industry (table 1). The estimates of commodities purchased by visitors and the industries that produce the commodities are from the annual input-output (I-O) accounts.
Supply and consumption of commodities (table 2). The estimates of total supply in purchasers' prices are derived by summing domestic production by commodity in producers' prices, imports, wholesale and retail margins, and transportation costs and by adjusting for change in private inventories. Total consumption is the sum of intermediate expenditures (private and government), personal consumption expenditures, gross private fixed investment, government final expenditures, and exports of goods and services.
Demand for commodities by type of visitor (table 3). These estimates are based on survey data on visitor spending behavior that are used to break down total consumption estimates from the supply and consumption of commodities table into tourism demand by type of visitor? Total tourism demand is the sum of demand by the four types of domestic visitors (resident households, business, government, and nonresidents). Tourism commodity ratios are estimated by dividing total tourism demand for a commodity by total demand for the commodity by all users. A commodity's tourism commodity ratio indicates the share of its output that is sold to visitors.
Output and value added by industry (table 4). Tourism industry ratios are calculated from estimates in the production by industry table and from the demand for commodities table. The industry output estimates from the production table are multiplied by the tourism commodity ratios from the demand table in order to obtain tourism industry ratios. The estimates of tourism output, tourism intermediate consumption, and tourism value added are calculated by multiplying industry output, intermediate consumption, and value added by the tourism industry ratios. An industry's tourism industry ratio indicates the share of its output that is sold to visitors.
Output by tourism commodity (table 5). Domestic production is multiplied by the tourism commodity ratio in order to obtain direct tourism output for each commodity. Direct tourism output is multiplied by the total commodity output multiplier in order to derive total tourism-related output for each commodity.
Employment and employee compensation by industry (table 6). The estimates of employment and employee compensation by industry are derived from the annual I-O accounts. These estimates are then multiplied by the tourism industry ratio in order to derive estimates of tourism employment and tourism compensation. Average compensation per tourism employee is calculated by dividing tourism compensation by tourism employment.
Total tourism-related employment by industry (table 7). These estimates are derived by multiplying the estimates of tourism employment by total industry employment multipliers.
Tables 1 through 7 follow.
Table 1. Production of Commodities by Industry, 2003
[Millions of dollars]
Industry
Food
services
Traveler and
accom- drinking
Commodity modations places
Traveler accommodations 80,058 438
Food services and drinking places 23,797 410,335
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling 22,422
All other recreation and
entertainment 419
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline 12 120
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 1,533 1,835
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 2,410 745
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins 3 83
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 130,236 413,976
Intermediate inputs 37,560 217,333
Value added 92,677 196,642
Compensation of employees 49,105 135,555
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 13,201 20,837
Gross operating surplus 30,371 40,250
Industry
Air Rail
trans- trans-
Commodity portation portation
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places 79
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 25,616
Passenger rail transportation
services 1,219
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 4
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline 1,356
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 3,059 17,380
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 17,825 9,778
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 1,719 18,509
All other retail trade margins
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 109,002 48,320
Intermediate inputs 45,967 19,714
Value added 63,035 28,606
Compensation of employees 40,631 17,493
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 3,445 241
Gross operating surplus 18,959 10,873
Industry
Interurban
Water bus
trans- trans-
Commodity portation portaton
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services 6,830
Interurban bus transportation 1,414
Interurban charter bus
transportation 34
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 37
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 11
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 1
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline 852
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 2,858
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 23,875 50
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 1,926
All other retail trade margins
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 36,352 1,534
Intermediate inputs 22,055 606
Value added 14,297 929
Compensation of employees 8,544 636
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 2,292 11
Gross operating surplus 3,461 281
Industry
Urban
transit
Interurban systems
charter bus and other
trans- trans-
Commodity portation portation
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation 11 10
Interurban charter bus
transportation 727 56
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 175 18,039
Taxi service 9
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 27 27
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services 4 20
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 4
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 25 3,738
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 970 21,903
Intermediate inputs 170 14,248
Value added 800 7,656
Compensation of employees 597 18,178
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 16 -79
Gross operating surplus 187 -10,443
Industry
Scenic and
sightseeing
Taxi trans-
Commodity service portation
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services 10
Interurban bus transportation 18
Interurban charter bus
transportation 14
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 37 28
Taxi service 10,920
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,195
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services 3 1
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 1
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 4
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 48 29
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins 7
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 11,013 2,303
Intermediate inputs 3,430 599
Value added 7,583 1,704
Compensation of employees 4,760 808
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 401 236
Gross operating surplus 2,421 661
Industry
Automotive
equipment Automotive
rental and repair
Commodity leasing services
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 24
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing 22,769
Other vehicle rental and leasing 484
Automotive repair services 95,131
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline 29
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 13,743 10,836
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins 199 1,529
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 37,220 107,524
Intermediate inputs 24,266 54,935
Value added 12,953 52,589
Compensation of employees 7,137 28,883
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 2,993 7,313
Gross operating surplus 2,824 16,393
Industry
Parking
lots and Toll
Commodity garages highways
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages 10,423
Highway tolls 7,583
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 3
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins -1 199
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 10,426 7,781
Intermediate inputs 5,232 1,824
Value added 5,194 5,958
Compensation of employees 2,066 2,317
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 752
Gross operating surplus 2,376 3,641
Industry
Travel Motion
arrangement pictures
and and
reservation performing
Commodity services arts
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places 4
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 34,329
Motion pictures and performing arts 21,005
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 39
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 71 162
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 91 21,800
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins 5
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 34,491 43,013
Intermediate inputs 15,977 25,954
Value added 18,514 17,060
Compensation of employees 15,039 13,190
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 838 1,562
Gross operating surplus 2,637 2,308
Industry
Spectator Participant
Commodity sports sports
Traveler accommodations 336
Food services and drinking places 5 5,587
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts 10,652
Spectator sports 12,545
Participant sports 34,111
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 2,109 68
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline 1
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 257 515
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 7,522 679
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins 14 41
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 33,104 41,340
Intermediate inputs 9,975 18,866
Value added 23,129 22,474
Compensation of employees 14,017 15,423
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 1,715 2,254
Gross operating surplus 7,398 4,798
Industry
All other
recreation
and
entertain-
Commodity Gambling ment
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places 1,589 4,168
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts 62 146
Spectator sports
Participant sports 2,914
Gambling 30,374 55
All other recreation and
entertainment 27 33,707
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline 63
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 65 1,796
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 7,874 1,636
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins 207
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 39,991 44,692
Intermediate inputs 17,093 17,507
Value added 22,898 27,185
Compensation of employees 11,759 13,637
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 2,284 3,750
Gross operating surplus 8,855 9,798
Industry
Industries
producing
nondurable
PCE
Commodity commodities,
excluding
Petroleum petroleum
refineries refineries
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services 25
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 1,310
Gasoline 112,282
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 83,677 1,131,607
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 147
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 23,464 726,976
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 101 22,732
All other retail trade margins 1,241
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 219,524 1,884,037
Intermediate inputs 187,926 1,145,164
Value added 31,599 738,873
Compensation of employees 10,914 360,029
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 1,489 24,383
Gross operating surplus 19,197 354,461
Industry
Wholesale
Commodity trade and
traps- Gasoline
portation service
services stations
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking places 5,038
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing 7
Automotive repair services 6,432 4,033
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts
Spectator sports
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline 75,220
Retail trade margins on gasoline 32,378
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 9,435
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 354,181
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 17 16,949
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 213,556 2,570
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 498,474
All other retail trade margins 1,232
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 1,157,314 62,207
Intermediate inputs 395,962 11,433
Value added 761,352 50,773
Compensation of employees 419,569 19,468
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 149,538 8,668
Gross operating surplus 192,245 22,637
Industry
Retail trade
services,
Commodity excluding
gasoline
service All other
stations industries
Traveler accommodations 949
Food services and drinking places 10,862 28,373
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services
Interurban bus transportation 2
Interurban charter bus
transportation 53
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 272
Taxi service 1
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 7
Automotive rental and leasing 1,047 68
Other vehicle rental and leasing 63
Automotive repair services 70,972 139
Parking lots and garages 232
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and reservation
services
Motion pictures and performing arts 394
Spectator sports
Participant sports 48
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 532 7,900
Gasoline
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline 4,248 184
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 9,862 31,760
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 508,033 16,646
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 33,734 14,014,774
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 29,386
All other retail trade margins 430,979 16,419
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 1,070,331 14,147,608
Intermediate inputs 350,630 6,067,745
Value added 719,702 8,079,863
Compensation of employees 413,360 4,671,404
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 142,908 360,263
Gross operating surplus 163,434 3,048,196
Industry
Domestic
production
at
producers'
Commodity prices
Traveler accommodations 81,782
Food services and drinking places 489,837
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 25,616
Passenger rail transportation
services 1,219
Passenger water transportation
services 6,840
Interurban bus transportation 1,456
Interurban charter bus
transportation 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 18,613
Taxi service 10,930
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,270
Automotive rental and leasing 23,884
Other vehicle rental and leasing 554
Automotive repair services 176,760
Parking lots and garages 10,655
Highway tolls 7,583
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 34,329
Motion pictures and performing arts 32,260
Spectator sports 12,545
Participant sports 37,073
Gambling 52,852
All other recreation and
entertainment 46,114
Gasoline 112,282
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on gasoline 77,428
Retail trade margins on gasoline 37,035
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 1,266,341
Wholesale trade and transportation
margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 377,477
Retail trade margins on nondurable
PCE commodities other than
gasoline 548,035
All other commodities, except all
other trade and transportation
margins 15,137,976
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 572,846
All other retail trade margins 451,959
Travel by U.S. residents abroad
Industry output 19,716,215
Intermediate inputs 8,712,169
Value added 11,004,046
Compensation of employees 6,294,518
Taxes on production and imports,
less subsidies 751,309
Gross operating surplus 3,958,219
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 2. Supply and Consumption of Commodities, 2003
[Millions of dollars]
Supply
Supply
Domestic
production Change in
Commodity at private
producers' inven-
prices Imports tories
Traveler accommodations 81,782
Food services and drinking
places 489,837
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 25,616 17,723
Passenger rail transportation
services 1,219
Passenger water transportation
services 6,840 762
Interurban bus transportation 1,456
Interurban charter bus
transportation 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 18,613
Taxi service 10,930
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,270
Automotive rental and leasing 23,884
Other vehicle rental and leasing 554
Automotive repair services 176,760
Parking lots and garages 10,655
Highway tolls 7,583
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 34,329
Motion pictures and performing
arts 32,260 155
Spectator sports 12,545 18
Participant sports 37,073
Gambling 52,852
All other recreation and
entertainment 46,114 3 1
Gasoline 112,282 8,712 366
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline 77,428
Retail trade margins on gasoline 37,035
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 1,266,341 356,232 8,629
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 377,477
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline 548,035
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 15,137,976 999,143 -10,220
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins 572,846
All other retail trade margins 451,959
Travel by US residents abroad 56,427
Total 19,716,215 1,439,175 -1,224
Supply
Wholesale
trade Total
margins supply
Commodity and Retail at pur-
transporta- trade chasers'
tion costs margins prices
Traveler accommodations 81,782
Food services and drinking
places 489,837
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 43,339
Passenger rail transportation
services 1,219
Passenger water transportation
services 7,601
Interurban bus transportation 1,456
Interurban charter bus
transportation 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 18,613
Taxi service 10,930
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,270
Automotive rental and leasing 23,884
Other vehicle rental and leasing 554
Automotive repair services 176,760
Parking lots and garages 10,655
Highway tolls 7,583
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 34,329
Motion pictures and performing
arts 32,415
Spectator sports 12,563
Participant sports 37,073
Gambling 52,852
All other recreation and
entertainment 46,117
Gasoline 77,428 37,035 235,092
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 377,477 548,035 2,539,456
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 572,846 451,959 17,172,143
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins
Travel by US residents abroad 56,427
Total 1,027,751 1,037,029 21,156,614
Consumption
Intermediate
Govern- Personal
Commodity Private ment consump-
expendi- expendi- tion ex-
tures tures penditures
Traveler accommodations 26,391 8,282 47,108
Food services and drinking
places 76,729 12,828 399,817
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 27,107 5,728 27,945
International passenger air
transportation services 4,679 1,257 24,178
Passenger rail transportation
services 521 168 531
Passenger water transportation
services 6,896
Interurban bus transportation 2 33 1,421
Interurban charter bus
transportation 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 6,745 156 11,713
Taxi service 6,544 687 3,699
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 134 2 2,134
Automotive rental and leasing 12,667 3,614 7,602
Other vehicle rental and leasing 350 1 203
Automotive repair services 40,234 5,897 130,621
Parking lots and garages 2,438 1,019 7,198
Highway tolls 472 478 6,633
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 11,466 2,040 19,568
Motion pictures and performing
arts 6,374 19 25,867
Spectator sports 6,159 11 6,375
Participant sports 5,228 64 31,781
Gambling 245 52,607
All other recreation and
entertainment 3,281 2,237 40,595
Gasoline 39,184 7,490 186,610
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 613,221 145,001 1,643,692
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 6,902,429 707,611 5,033,283
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins
Travel by US residents abroad 14,507 41,920
Total 7,807,107 904,622 7,760,881
Consumption
Govern-
Gross ment Exports
Commodity private final of goods
fixed expen- and
investment ditures services
Traveler accommodations
Food services and drinking
places 464
Domestic passenger air
transportation services
International passenger air
transportation services 13,225
Passenger rail transportation
services
Passenger water transportation
services 705
Interurban bus transportation
Interurban charter bus
transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services
Taxi service
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services
Automotive rental and leasing
Other vehicle rental and leasing
Automotive repair services 8
Parking lots and garages
Highway tolls
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 1,255
Motion pictures and performing
arts 156
Spectator sports 18
Participant sports
Gambling
All other recreation and
entertainment 3
Gasoline 1,808
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 6,436 3,103 128,004
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 1,660,544 2,072,418 795,857
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins
Travel by US residents abroad
Total 1,666,980 2,075,522 941,504
Consumption
Total
Commodity consumption
Traveler accommodations 81,782
Food services and drinking
places 489,837
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 43,339
Passenger rail transportation
services 1,219
Passenger water transportation
services 7,601
Interurban bus transportation 1,456
Interurban charter bus
transportation 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 18,613
Taxi service 10,930
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,270
Automotive rental and leasing 23,884
Other vehicle rental and leasing 554
Automotive repair services 176,760
Parking lots and garages 10,655
Highway tolls 7,583
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 34,329
Motion pictures and performing
arts 32,415
Spectator sports 12,563
Participant sports 37,073
Gambling 52,852
All other recreation and
entertainment 46,117
Gasoline 235,092
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
gasoline
Retail trade margins on gasoline
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 2,539,456
Wholesale trade and
transportation margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
Retail trade margins on
nondurable PCE commodities
other than gasoline
All other commodities, except
all other trade and
transportation margins 17,172,143
All other wholesale trade and
transportation margins
All other retail trade margins
Travel by US residents abroad 56,427
Total 21,156,614
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 3. Demand for Commodities by Type of Visitor, 2003
[Millions of dollars]
Total Resident
Commodity consumption households
Traveler accommodations 81,782 29,421
Food services and drinking places 489,837 48,947
Domestic passenger air transportation
services 60,779 24,107
International passenger air
transportation services 43,339 24,178
Passenger rail transportation services 1,219 458
Passenger water transportation services 7,601 5,949
Interurban bus transportation 1,456 1,226
Interurban charter bus transportation 885 763
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 18,613 1,681
Taxi service 10,930 1,120
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
services 2,270 1,841
Automotive rental and leasing 23,884 5,479
Other vehicle rental and leasing 554 112
Automotive repair services 176,760 6,937
Parking lots and garages 10,655 1,079
Highway tolls 7,583 394
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 34,329 18,201
Motion pictures and performing arts 32,415 7,500
Spectator sports 12,563 1,695
Participant sports 37,073 7,745
Gambling 52,852 22,052
All other recreation and entertainment 46,117 11,776
Gasoline 235,092 11,595
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
gasoline 2,539,456 59,225
All other commodities 17,172,143
Total domestic demand 21,100,187 293,481
Travel by US residents abroad 56,427 41,920
Total demand 21,156,614 335,400
Commodity Business Government
Traveler accommodations 26,391 8,282
Food services and drinking places 21,093 7,571
Domestic passenger air transportation
services 27,107 5,728
International passenger air
transportation services 4,679 1,257
Passenger rail transportation services 521 168
Passenger water transportation services
Interurban bus transportation 2 33
Interurban charter bus transportation
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 980 23
Taxi service 2,028 213
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
services 134 2
Automotive rental and leasing 12,667 3,614
Other vehicle rental and leasing 350 1
Automotive repair services 2,913 274
Parking lots and garages 369 154
Highway tolls 28 29
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 10,664 1,898
Motion pictures and performing arts 2,729
Spectator sports 2,637
Participant sports 2,238
Gambling
All other recreation and entertainment 1,405
Gasoline 4,869 458
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
gasoline 16,761 2,367
All other commodities
Total domestic demand 140,567 32,071
Travel by US residents abroad 14,507
Total demand 155,074 32,071
Total
tourism
Commodity Nonresidents demand
Traveler accommodations 17,688 81,782
Food services and drinking places 14,194 91,804
Domestic passenger air transportation
services 3,838 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 13,225 43,339
Passenger rail transportation services 73 1,219
Passenger water transportation services 947 6,896
Interurban bus transportation 195 1,456
Interurban charter bus transportation 122 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 144 2,828
Taxi service 85 3,446
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
services 293 2,270
Automotive rental and leasing 419 22,180
Other vehicle rental and leasing 50 513
Automotive repair services 960 11,085
Parking lots and garages 73 1,676
Highway tolls 60 511
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 1,255 32,018
Motion pictures and performing arts 924 11,153
Spectator sports 308 4,640
Participant sports 523 10,506
Gambling 4,777 26,829
All other recreation and entertainment 967 14,149
Gasoline 1,371 18,293
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
gasoline 15,598 93,950
All other commodities
Total domestic demand 78,089 544,207
Travel by US residents abroad 56,427
Total demand 78,089 600,635
Tourism
Nontourism commodity
Commodity demand ratio
Traveler accommodations 1.00
Food services and drinking places 398,033 0.19
Domestic passenger air transportation
services 1.00
International passenger air
transportation services 1.00
Passenger rail transportation services 1.00
Passenger water transportation services 705 0.91
Interurban bus transportation 1.00
Interurban charter bus transportation 1.00
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 15,786 0.15
Taxi service 7,484 0.32
Scenic and sightseeing transportation
services 1.00
Automotive rental and leasing 1,704 0.93
Other vehicle rental and leasing 41 0.93
Automotive repair services 165,676 0.06
Parking lots and garages 8,979 0.16
Highway tolls 7,072 0.07
Travel arrangement and reservation
services 2,311 0.93
Motion pictures and performing arts 21,262 0.34
Spectator sports 7,923 0.37
Participant sports 26,567 0.28
Gambling 26,022 0.51
All other recreation and entertainment 31,968 0.31
Gasoline 216,798 0.08
Nondurable PCE commodities other than
gasoline 2,445,506 0.04
All other commodities 17,172,143 0.00
Total domestic demand 20,555,980
Travel by US residents abroad 1.00
Total demand 20,555,980
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 4. Output and Value Added by Industry, 2003
[Millions of dollars]
Interme-
Industry diate con- Value
Industry output sumption added
Traveler accommodations 130,236 37,560 92,677
Food and beverage services 413,976 217,333 196,642
Air transportation services 109,002 45,967 63,035
Rail transportation services 48,320 19,714 28,606
Water transportation services 36,352 22,055 14,297
Intercity bus services 1,534 606 929
Intercity charter bus services 970 170 800
Local bus and other
transportation services 21,903 14,248 7,656
Taxicab services 11,013 3,430 7,583
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,303 599 1,704
Automotive equipment rental and
leasing 37,220 24,266 12,953
Automotive repair services 107,524 54,935 52,589
Parking 10,426 5,232 5,194
Highway tolls 7,781 1,824 5,958
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 34,491 15,977 18,514
Motion pictures and performing
arts 43,013 25,954 17,060
Spectator sports 33,104 9,975 23,129
Participant sports 41,340 18,866 22,474
Gambling 39,991 17,093 22,898
All other recreation and
entertainment 44,692 17,507 27,185
Petroleum refineries 219,524 187,926 31,599
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 1,884,037 1,145,164 738,873
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 1,157,314 395,962 761,352
Gasoline service stations 62,207 11,433 50,773
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 1,070,331 350,630 719,702
All other industries 14,147,608 6,067,745 8,079,863
Total 19,716,215 8,712,169
Tourism
Tourism interme-
industry Tourism diate con-
Industry ratio output sumption
Traveler accommodations 0.74 95,958 27,674
Food and beverage services 0.19 77,548 40,712
Air transportation services 0.79 86,512 36,483
Rail transportation services 0.04 1,983 809
Water transportation services 0.18 6,379 3,870
Intercity bus services 0.95 1,454 574
Intercity charter bus services 0.82 792 139
Local bus and other
transportation services 0.13 2,838 1,846
Taxicab services 0.31 3,449 1,074
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 0.97 2,240 583
Automotive equipment rental and
leasing 0.58 21,597 14,081
Automotive repair services 0.06 5,968 3,049
Parking 0.16 1,640 823
Highway tolls 0.07 511 120
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 0.93 32,020 14,832
Motion pictures and performing
arts 0.17 7,246 4,372
Spectator sports 0.27 8,956 2,699
Participant sports 0.27 11,090 5,061
Gambling 0.39 15,749 6,732
All other recreation and
entertainment 0.27 12,098 4,739
Petroleum refineries 0.05 11,833 10,130
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 0.02 42,274 25,695
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 0.02 19,710 6,743
Gasoline service stations 0.07 4,350 799
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 0.03 27,171 8,901
All other industries 0.00 10,857 4,656
Total 11,004,046 512,223 227,196
Tourism
value
Industry added
Traveler accommodations 68,284
Food and beverage services 36,836
Air transportation services 50,029
Rail transportation services 1,174
Water transportation services 2,509
Intercity bus services 880
Intercity charter bus services 653
Local bus and other
transportation services 992
Taxicab services 2,375
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 1,658
Automotive equipment rental and
leasing 7,516
Automotive repair services 2,919
Parking 817
Highway tolls 391
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 17,188
Motion pictures and performing
arts 2,874
Spectator sports 6,257
Participant sports 6,029
Gambling 9,018
All other recreation and
entertainment 7,359
Petroleum refineries 1,703
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 16,579
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 12,966
Gasoline service stations 3,550
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 18,270
All other industries 6,201
Total 285,027
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 5. Output by Tourism Commodity, 2003
[Millions of dollars]
Domestic
production
at pur- Tourism Direct
chasers' commodity tourism
Commodity prices ratio output
Traveler accommodations 81,782 1.00 81,782
Food services and drinking
places 489,837 0.19 91,804
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 60,779 1.00 60,779
International passenger air
transportation services 25,616 1.00 25,616
Passenger rail transportation
services 1,219 1.00 1,219
Passenger water transportation
services 6,840 0.91 6,205
Interurban bus transportation 1,456 1.00 1,456
Interurban charter bus
transportation 885 1.00 885
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 18,613 0.15 2,828
Taxi service 10,930 0.32 3,446
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 2,270 1.00 2,270
Automotive rental and leasing 23,884 0.93 22,180
Other vehicle rental and leasing 554 0.93 513
Automotive repair services 176,760 0.06 11,085
Parking lots and garages 10,655 0.16 1,676
Highway tolls 7,583 0.07 511
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 34,329 0.93 32,018
Motion pictures and performing
arts 32,260 0.34 11,100
Spectator sports 12,545 0.37 4,634
Participant sports 37,073 0.28 10,506
Gambling 52,852 0.51 26,829
All other recreation and
entertainment 46,114 0.31 14,148
Gasoline 226,745 0.08 17,644
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 2,191,854 0.04 81,090
Total 3,553,435 512,223
Total
Total commodity tourism-related
Commodity output multiplier output
Traveler accommodations 1.53 124,826
Food services and drinking
places 1.87 171,546
Domestic passenger air
transportation services 1.66 100,779
International passenger air
transportation services 1.66 42,474
Passenger rail transportation
services 1.64 1,996
Passenger water transportation
services 1.93 11,956
Interurban bus transportation 1.70 2,482
Interurban charter bus
transportation 1.70 1,508
Urban transit systems and other
transportation services 1.70 4,821
Taxi service 1.70 5,875
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 1.48 3,352
Automotive rental and leasing 1.63 36,157
Other vehicle rental and leasing 1.63 836
Automotive repair services 1.70 18,858
Parking lots and garages 1.70 2,852
Highway tolls 1.93 984
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 1.62 51,853
Motion pictures and performing
arts 1.78 19,793
Spectator sports 1.64 7,599
Participant sports 1.61 16,899
Gambling 1.61 43,156
All other recreation and
entertainment 1.64 23,166
Gasoline 1.82 32,144
Nondurable PCE commodities other
than gasoline 2.07 168,222
Total 894,135
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 6. Employment and Compensation of Employees by Industry, 2003
Total
employment Compen-
(thousands sation Tourism
of (millions industry
Industry employees) of dollars) ratio
Traveler accommodations 1,782 49,105 0.74
Food services and drinking
places 8,704 135,555 0.19
Air transportation services 647 40,631 0.81
Rail transportation services 215 17,493 0.04
Water transportation services 159 8,544 0.18
Interurban bus transportation 26 636 0.95
Interurban charter bus
transportation 25 597 0.82
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 364 18,178 0.13
Taxi service 147 4,760 0.31
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 18 808 0.97
Automotive equipment rental
and leasing 179 7,137 0.58
Automotive repair services 890 28,883 0.06
Parking lots and garages 81 2,066 0.16
Toll highways 55 2,317 0.07
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 226 15,039 0.93
Motion pictures and performing
arts 195 13,190 0.17
Spectator sports 210 14,017 0.27
Participant sports 786 15,423 0.27
Gambling 425 11,759 0.39
All other recreation and
entertainment 452 13,637 0.27
Petroleum refineries 74 10,914 0.05
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 6,878 360,029 0.02
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 7,265 419,569 0.02
Gasoline service stations 664 19,468 0.07
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 14,759 413,360 0.03
All other industries 92,299 4,671,404 0.00
Total 137,520 6,294,518
Tourism Tourism Average
employment compen- compensa-
(thousands sation tion per
of (millions tourism
Industry employees) of dollars) employee
Traveler accommodations 1,313 36,180 27,561
Food services and drinking
places 1,630 25,393 15,574
Air transportation services 524 32,901 62,785
Rail transportation services 9 718 81,544
Water transportation services 28 1,499 53,815
Interurban bus transportation 24 603 24,836
Interurban charter bus
transportation 20 488 24,027
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 47 2,355 49,991
Taxi service 46 1,491 32,463
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 18 786 44,620
Automotive equipment rental
and leasing 104 4,141 39,913
Automotive repair services 49 1,603 32,466
Parking lots and garages 13 325 25,646
Toll highways 4 152 42,264
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 209 13,962 66,658
Motion pictures and performing
arts 33 2,222 67,720
Spectator sports 57 3,792 66,718
Participant sports 211 4,137 19,630
Gambling 167 4,631 27,651
All other recreation and
entertainment 122 3,691 30,191
Petroleum refineries 4 588 148,025
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 154 8,078 52,346
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 124 7,145 57,753
Gasoline service stations 46 1,361 29,337
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 375 10,493 28,007
All other industries 71 3,587 50,612
Total 5,402 172,324
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table 7. Employment by Industry, 2003
[Thousands of employees]
Total Total
Direct industry tourism-
tourism employment related
Industry employment multiplier employment
Traveler accommodations 1,313 1.23 1,616
Food services and drinking
places 1,630 1.34 2,180
Air transportation services 524 1.77 928
Rail transportation services 9 1.93 17
Water transportation services 28 3.63 101
Interurban bus transportation 24 1.44 35
Interurban charter bus
transportation 20 1.44 29
Urban transit systems and other
transportation 47 1.44 68
Taxi service 46 1.44 66
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation services 18 1.44 25
Automotive equipment rental and
leasing 104 2.35 243
Automotive repair services 49 1.54 76
Parking lots and garages 13 2.09 26
Toll highways 4 1.79 6
Travel arrangement and
reservation services 209 1.54 322
Motion pictures and performing
arts 33 2.17 71
Spectator sports 57 1.70 97
Participant sports 211 1.29 272
Gambling 167 1.42 238
All other recreation and 122 1.58 193
entertainment
Petroleum refineries 4 3.31 13
Industries producing nondurable
PCE commodities, excluding
petroleum refineries 154 2.89 446
Wholesale trade and
transportation services 124 1.56 194
Gasoline service stations 46 1.20 56
Retail trade services, excluding
gasoline service stations 375 1.20 449
All other industries 71 1.96 139
Total 5,402 7,907
PCE Personal consumption expenditures
Table A. Direct Tourism Output and Percent Changes, 2000-2004
Billions of dollars
2000 2001 2002 2003
All tourism commodities 515.5 492.1 494.1 512.2
Traveler accommodations 88.1 81.2 81.1 81.8
Passenger air transportation 100.5 87.3 82.6 86.4
All other transportation-related
commodities 101.8 101.5 100.1 103.9
Food services and drinking
places 83.0 83.7 87.9 91.8
Recreation and entertainment 59.4 60.6 64.3 67.2
Shopping 82.7 77.8 77.9 81.1
Bil-
lions
of
dol- Percent change
lars from preceding period
2004 2000 2001 2002
All tourism commodities 546.4 7.4 -4.5 0.4
Traveler accommodations 86.8 10.7 -7.8 -0.1
Passenger air transportation 92.3 10.4 -13.2 -5.3
All other transportation-related
commodities 108.7 4.3 -0.4 -1.3
Food services and drinking
places 100.7 4.3 0.9 5.0
Recreation and entertainment 71.5 8.4 2.1 6.2
Shopping 86.4 6.8 -5.9 0.1
Percent
change from
preceding
period
2003 2004
All tourism commodities 3.7 6.7
Traveler accommodations 0.8 6.1
Passenger air transportation 4.6 6.9
All other transportation-related
commodities 3.8 4.6
Food services and drinking
places 4.4 9.7
Recreation and entertainment 4.5 6.4
Shopping 4.1 6.5
Table B. Total Tourism Demand and Percent Changes, 2000-2003
Percent
change from
preceding
Billions of dollars period
2000 2001 2002 2003 2000 2001
Total tourism demand 634.8 604.2 599.4 619.1 8.2 -4.8
Resident household 269.4 276.8 279.6 293.5 5.7 2.8
Business 158.1 135.6 135.0 140.6 11.7 -14.2
Government 20.9 24.3 28.2 32.1 3.5 16.2
Inbound 100.5 87.4 81.3 78.1 8.7 -13.0
Outbound 85.8 80.0 75.3 74.9 10.9 -6.8
Percent
change from
preceding
period
2002 2003
Total tourism demand -0.8 3.3
Resident household 1.0 4.9
Business -0.4 4.1
Government 16.0 13.8
Inbound -7.1 -3.9
Outbound -5.8 -0.6
Table C. Value Added as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, 2003
Value added Value added
(millions of as share of GDP
Industry dollars) (percent)
Banking (1) 440,393 4.0
Ambulatory health care services 391,098 3.6
Hospitals and nursing and residential
care facilities 298,244 2.7
Broadcasting and telecommunications 283,048 2.6
Tourism 285,027 2.6
Insurance carriers and related
activities 256,010 2.3
Utilities 222,153 2.0
Chemical products 181,542 1.6
Securities, commodity contracts, and
investments 168,068 1.5
Legal services 160,587 1.5
Computer and electronic products 147,631 1.3
Mining 130,331 1.2
Computer systems design and related
services 126,630 1.2
Motor vehicles, bodies and trailers,
and parts 121,860 1.1
Publishing industries (includes
software) 120,907 1.1
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
hunting 113,907 1.0
(1.) Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, and related
activities
Table D. Revisions to Total Tourism-Related Output, 2001-2003
Billions of dollars
2001 2002 2003
All tourism commodities 857.8 861.8 894.1
Traveler accommodations 124.0 123.8 124.8
Passenger air transportation 144.7 137.0 143.3
All other transportation-related commodities 171.6 169.2 175.7
Food services and drinking places 156.5 164.3 171.5
Recreation and entertainment 99.7 105.9 110.6
Shopping 161.4 161.6 168.2
Percent change
from previous
release
2001 2002 2003
All tourism commodities -0.2 -1.3 -2.3
Traveler accommodations -0.5 -1.3 -1.1
Passenger air transportation -2.0 -1.3 -4.2
All other transportation-related commodities 0.5 -1.9 -1.6
Food services and drinking places 1.4 0.5 -1.9
Recreation and entertainment -2.6 -3.3 -4.3
Shopping 0.7 -0.9 -1.0
Table E. Revisions to Direct Tourism Employment, 2001-2003
Thousands of employees
2001 2002 2003
All tourism industries 5,624.3 5,499.5 5,402.1
Traveler accommodations 1,370.1 1,323.1 1,312.8
Air transportation services 595.3 544.7 524.0
All other transportation-related
industries 700.0 659.7 621.1
Food and beverage services 1,594.5 1,634.9 1,630.5
Recreation and entertainment 597.1 595.5 590.2
Shopping 566.5 545.6 529.0
Percent change from
previous release
2001 2002 2003
All tourism industries 2.0 1.8 0.3
Traveler accommodations 0.8 1.2 0.1
Air transportation services 0.0 0.1 1.6
All other transportation-related
industries 0.1 -0.7 -3.6
Food and beverage services 3.2 2.9 0.8
Recreation and entertainment 1.1 0.6 -1.9
Shopping 1.4 0.6 -1.1
Chart 5, Composition of Tourism Demand by Type of Visitor in 2000 and
2003
2000
Outbound 13.5%
Inbound 15.8%
Government 3.3%
Business 24.9%
Resident household 42.4%
2003
Outbound 12.1%
Inbound 12.6%
Government 5.2%
Business 22.7%
Resident household 47.4%
Acknowledgments
Mark A. Planting, Chief of the Industry Studies Branch, and Peter Kuhbach of the Industry Economics Division supervised the preparation of the estimates. Sumiye Okubo, Associate Director for Industry Accounts, and Ann M. Lawson, Chief of the Industry Economics Division, provided overall guidance. Bradlee A. Herauf prepared the estimates, and Edward A. Kocis reviewed the estimates.
Staff members of the Annual Industry Branch in the Industry Economics Division, of the National Income and Wealth Division, and of the Government Division contributed to the development of the estimates. The Tourism Industries Office of the International Trade Administration provided funding for the preparation of the travel and tourism satellite accounts.
(1.) In this article, the term "tourism industry" refers to BEA's travel and tourism satellite accounts.
(2.) BEA is currently researching the feasibility of adding price-adjusted measures of tourism activity to the travel and tourism satellite accounts.
(3.) Current-dollar GDP grew 4.9 percent in 2003, 3.5 percent in 2002, and 3.2 percent in 2001.
(4.) George M. Smith, Matthew J. Gruenberg, Tameka R.L. Harris, and Erich H. Strassner, "Annual Industry Accounts: Revised Estimates for 2000-2003," SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 85 (January 2005): 9-43.
(5.) The surveys used to estimate demand for commodities by type of visitor are the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the In-Flight Survey of the Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration, and private surveys done by D.K. Shifflet and Associates.
Key Terms
The following key terms are used to describe the travel and tourism satellite accounts.
Domestic tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures in the United States. It is the sum of internal tourism demand and inbound tourism demand.
Inbound tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by nonresidents traveling in the United States and expenditures for international air fares purchased from U.S. airlines. Expenditures for travel to study in the United States and for medical reasons are excluded.
Internal tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by resident households, businesses, and government employees in the United States.
Outbound tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by U.S. residents traveling abroad and expenditures for international air fares purchased from foreign airlines.
Total tourism demand. Travel-related expenditures by all visitors before, during, and immediately after each trip. It consists of business travel, travel by government employees, travel by U.S. residents both in the United States and abroad, and travel by foreign visitors to the United States.
Tourism commodities. Commodities that are typically purchased by visitors from the producer, such as airline passenger fares, meals, and hotel services. (1)
Tourism demand by type of visitor. Travel-related expenditures by resident households, businesses, and government employees in the United States. This demand measures the composition of internal tourism demand. (2)
Tourism employment. All jobs that involve the production of tourism output. Direct tourism employment consists of all jobs in which the workers are engaged in the production of direct tourism output (for example, airline pilots), and indirect tourism employment consists of all the jobs in which the workers are engaged in the production of indirect tourism output (for example, workers who deliver fuel to airlines).
Tourism output. Domestically produced tourism goods and services purchased by travelers. Tourism output is calculated as domestic tourism demand less imports of goods and services purchased by travelers. Total tourism-related output consists of direct tourism output (for example, passenger air transportation) and the indirect tourism output that is required to support the production of the direct output (for example, fuel for airplanes).
Usual environment. The area of normal, everyday activities, within 50-100 miles of home?
Visitor. A person who travels outside of his or her usual environment for less than a year or who stays overnight in a hotel or motel. The visitor may travel for pleasure or business. Visitors exclude travelers who expect to be compensated at the location of their visit (such as migrant workers, persons traveling to new assignments, and diplomatic and military personnel traveling from their duty stations to their home countries).
(1.) The classification of tourism commodities in the satellite accounts is based on a list of primary activities of visitors that was developed from recommendations by the World Trade Organization and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and from various surveys of U.S. visitors.
(2.) In the U.S. travel and tourism satellite accounts, inbound and outbound visitors are not differentiated by type of visitor, because the data to prepare these estimates are not available.
(3.) The size of the area depends on the availability of source data.
Output and Employment Multipliers
Using "multipliers," economists can estimate the total effect of a single activity in a specific industry on the entire economy.
For example, suppose that sales of domestic passenger air transportation services were $60.0 billion in a given period. To produce this amount of direct output would require other, indirect economic output, such as sales to airlines of jet fuel and inflight goods and services. To estimate the value of this indirect output, the direct output is multiplied by an output multiplier. The result is total output, which captures both the direct and indirect output. In this case, multiplying the $60.0 billion in direct output by its output multiplier of 1.66 yields total output of $99.6 billion. Subtracting the direct output from the total output leaves $39.6 billion in indirect output.
Similarly, economists use employment multipliers to estimate how many total jobs are needed to support a given level of employment in a specific industry. Suppose that the air transportation services industry employs 600,000 workers in a given period. This level of direct employment would necessitate additional employment in other industries. To estimate the number of these indirect jobs, the number of direct jobs is multiplied by its employment multiplier. The result is total employment, which captures direct jobs and indirect jobs. In this case, multiplying the 600,000 jobs in this industry by its employment multiplier of 1.77 yields total employment of 1.1 million. Subtracting direct jobs from the total jobs leaves 462,000 indirect jobs.
For the most recent estimates of the travel and tourism accounts, BEA used output multipliers from the Industry Economics Division to calculate total tourism-related output by commodity (table 5) and employment multipliers from the Regional Economic Analysis Division to calculate total tourism-related employment by industry (table 7).
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